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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC 4.0International Journal of Women's Health

Joint Association of Parity and Spontaneous Miscarriage with Incident Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Ying Hu1,2,3
  • Jiajia Song1,2
  • Hao Ma3
  • Xuan Wang3
  • Shuqi Zhu1,2,3
  • Feng Ye4
  • Danqing Chen1,2
  • Zhaoxia Liang1,2,3
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
  2. 2Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Maternal and Infant Health, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
  3. 3Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
  4. 4Central Laboratory of Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract

Background: To prospectively investigate the combined association of parity and spontaneous miscarriage in relation to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks.

Methods: In this prospective UK Biobank cohort analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used in outcome-specific analytic cohorts: 219,422 participants free of prevalent CHD or stroke (CHD and stroke analyses) and 230,231, 230,589, and 229,123 participants free of the respective prevalent condition (PAD, HF, and AF analyses).

Results: During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, parity exhibited a significant positive linear association with CHD risk. Nonlinear U-shaped associations were observed with HF and AF risks, with two live births representing the lowest risk. Importantly, a history of spontaneous miscarriage did not modify these associations. Compared to participants with two live births and no history of spontaneous miscarriage, individuals without any live births and no history of spontaneous miscarriage had the lowest point estimate for CHD (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68–0.95), whereas those with four or more live births and a history of spontaneous miscarriage exhibited the highest point estimate (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.28–1.60). Participants with four or more live births and a history of spontaneous miscarriage had the highest point estimate for HF and AF.

Conclusion: The combined association of parity and spontaneous miscarriage and the risk for various CVDs exhibits outcome-specific patterns.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hu2026joint,
  title = {{Joint Association of Parity and Spontaneous Miscarriage with Incident Cardiovascular Diseases}},
  author = {Ying Hu and Jiajia Song and Hao Ma and Xuan Wang and Shuqi Zhu and Feng Ye and Danqing Chen and Zhaoxia Liang},
  journal = {International Journal of Women's Health},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.2147/ijwh.s642813},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s642813},
  note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Joint Association of Parity and Spontaneous Miscarriage with Incident Cardiovascular Diseases
AU  - Ying Hu
AU  - Jiajia Song
AU  - Hao Ma
AU  - Xuan Wang
AU  - Shuqi Zhu
AU  - Feng Ye
AU  - Danqing Chen
AU  - Zhaoxia Liang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/01
JO  - International Journal of Women's Health
DO  - 10.2147/ijwh.s642813
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s642813
AB  - Background: To prospectively investigate the combined association of parity and spontaneous miscarriage in relation to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks.  Methods: In this prospective UK Biobank cohort analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used in outcome-specific analytic cohorts: 219,422 participants free of prevalent CHD or stroke (CHD and stroke analyses) and 230,231, 230,589, and 229,123 participants free of the respective prevalent condition (PAD, HF, and AF analyses).  Results: During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, parity exhibited a significant positive linear association with CHD risk. Nonlinear U-shaped associations were observed with HF and AF risks, with two live births representing the lowest risk. Importantly, a history of spontaneous miscarriage did not modify these associations. Compared to participants with two live births and no history of spontaneous miscarriage, individuals without any live births and no history of spontaneous miscarriage had the lowest point estimate for CHD (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68–0.95), whereas those with four or more live births and a history of spontaneous miscarriage exhibited the highest point estimate (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.28–1.60). Participants with four or more live births and a history of spontaneous miscarriage had the highest point estimate for HF and AF.  Conclusion: The combined association of parity and spontaneous miscarriage and the risk for various CVDs exhibits outcome-specific patterns.
SN  - 1179-1411
ER  -