From Non-Thermal to Thermal: Cosmological Imprints of Self-Interacting Secluded Dark Matter
Abstract
Dark matter (DM), secluded from the Standard Model (SM), can attain internal thermalization through self-interactions. We investigate the thermalization of a real scalar DM field with a quartic self-coupling, initially produced from the perturbative decay of the coherently oscillating inflaton field during reheating. The thermalization process has been studied numerically by solving Boltzmann equation of the DM momentum distribution function in presence of 2→2 DM elastic self-scatterings. In the absence of number-changing processes, the thermalized dark sector is characterized by a temperature and a nonzero chemical potential, determined by the inflaton mass and the reheat temperature. We find that if the inflaton mass is greater (smaller) than the reheat temperature, the DM temperature can be greater (smaller) than the SM temperature during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, without violating any cosmological constraints. This is realized with a negative (positive) chemical potential for the DM temperature greater (smaller) than the SM one. Depending on DM production history, we can achieve the lower limit on the DM mass much below than in warm DM scenarios. The thermalization via self-scatterings tends to suppress the DM co-moving free-streaming length, compared to the non-thermal scenario without any collisions. Consequently, the lower limit on the DM mass weakens approximately by 40% for a suitable choice of quartic self-coupling than in the non-thermal scenario. We obtain the lower limits on the thermal DM mass to be 2.2×10−10 GeV and $0.47$ GeV for reheat temperatures, 5× 106 GeV and $5$ MeV respectively, while the inflaton mass is set at 103 GeV.
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BibTeX
@misc{dutta2026from,
title = {{From Non-Thermal to Thermal: Cosmological Imprints of Self-Interacting Secluded Dark Matter}},
author = {Koushik Dutta and Deep Ghosh and Ahamadullah Khan},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.21817},
eprint = {2610.21817},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21817},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - From Non-Thermal to Thermal: Cosmological Imprints of Self-Interacting Secluded Dark Matter
AU - Koushik Dutta
AU - Deep Ghosh
AU - Ahamadullah Khan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.21817
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21817
AB - Dark matter (DM), secluded from the Standard Model (SM), can attain internal thermalization through self-interactions. We investigate the thermalization of a real scalar DM field with a quartic self-coupling, initially produced from the perturbative decay of the coherently oscillating inflaton field during reheating. The thermalization process has been studied numerically by solving Boltzmann equation of the DM momentum distribution function in presence of 2→2 DM elastic self-scatterings. In the absence of number-changing processes, the thermalized dark sector is characterized by a temperature and a nonzero chemical potential, determined by the inflaton mass and the reheat temperature. We find that if the inflaton mass is greater (smaller) than the reheat temperature, the DM temperature can be greater (smaller) than the SM temperature during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, without violating any cosmological constraints. This is realized with a negative (positive) chemical potential for the DM temperature greater (smaller) than the SM one. Depending on DM production history, we can achieve the lower limit on the DM mass much below than in warm DM scenarios. The thermalization via self-scatterings tends to suppress the DM co-moving free-streaming length, compared to the non-thermal scenario without any collisions. Consequently, the lower limit on the DM mass weakens approximately by 40% for a suitable choice of quartic self-coupling than in the non-thermal scenario. We obtain the lower limits on the thermal DM mass to be 2.2×10^−10 GeV and $0.47$ GeV for reheat temperatures, 5× 10^6 GeV and $5$ MeV respectively, while the inflaton mass is set at 10^3 GeV.
ER -