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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDFood Chemistry: X

Chemical stratification across kimchi cabbage leaves links edible quality with burden-aware outer-leaf valorization

  • Ji Young Jeong1
  • Daun Kim2
  • Jung Eun Yang3
  • Chang Hee Jeong4
  • Jong-Hee Lee3
  • Jae Sung Kim5
  • In Min Hwang6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Intelligent Fermentation Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.; Imsil Cheese & Food Research Institute, Jeonbuk-do 56564, Republic of Korea.
  2. 2Intelligent Fermentation Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
  3. 3Sustainable Distribution Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
  4. 4Intelligent Fermentation Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
  5. 5KOTITI Testing & Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do 13840, Republic of Korea.
  6. 6Intelligent Fermentation Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Corresponding author at: World Institute of Kimchi, 86, Kimchi-ro, Namgu Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract

Kimchi cabbage exhibits within-head chemical heterogeneity, but the compositional basis linking edible inner tissues with outer-leaf utilization remains unclear. Unlike previous Brassica leaf-position studies focused mainly on selected metabolites or general positional variation, this study integrated multi-domain chemical profiles across four practically defined kimchi cabbage leaf fractions, including discarded outer leaves. Principal component analysis clearly separated the four leaf fractions. Nitrate, nitrite, total glucosinolates, and several mineral elements were enriched toward discarded outer leaves, whereas glucobrassicin showed an opposite inner-enriched pattern. In contrast, edible-quality-associated primary metabolites, including L-glutamic acid, L-proline, L-alanine, and total sugars, were preferentially concentrated in inner tissues. Discarded outer leaves also showed higher As, Pb, and Cd levels, indicating that outer-leaf utilization should consider potentially undesirable constituents. These findings demonstrate that leaf-position-dependent chemical stratification links edible quality with burden-aware outer-leaf valorization.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{jeong2026chemical,
  title = {{Chemical stratification across kimchi cabbage leaves links edible quality with burden-aware outer-leaf valorization}},
  author = {Ji Young Jeong and Daun Kim and Jung Eun Yang and Chang Hee Jeong and Jong-Hee Lee and Jae Sung Kim and In Min Hwang},
  journal = {Food Chemistry: X},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104652},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104652},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Chemical stratification across kimchi cabbage leaves links edible quality with burden-aware outer-leaf valorization
AU  - Ji Young Jeong
AU  - Daun Kim
AU  - Jung Eun Yang
AU  - Chang Hee Jeong
AU  - Jong-Hee Lee
AU  - Jae Sung Kim
AU  - In Min Hwang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/16
JO  - Food Chemistry: X
DO  - 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104652
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104652
AB  - Kimchi cabbage exhibits within-head chemical heterogeneity, but the compositional basis linking edible inner tissues with outer-leaf utilization remains unclear. Unlike previous Brassica leaf-position studies focused mainly on selected metabolites or general positional variation, this study integrated multi-domain chemical profiles across four practically defined kimchi cabbage leaf fractions, including discarded outer leaves. Principal component analysis clearly separated the four leaf fractions. Nitrate, nitrite, total glucosinolates, and several mineral elements were enriched toward discarded outer leaves, whereas glucobrassicin showed an opposite inner-enriched pattern. In contrast, edible-quality-associated primary metabolites, including L-glutamic acid, L-proline, L-alanine, and total sugars, were preferentially concentrated in inner tissues. Discarded outer leaves also showed higher As, Pb, and Cd levels, indicating that outer-leaf utilization should consider potentially undesirable constituents. These findings demonstrate that leaf-position-dependent chemical stratification links edible quality with burden-aware outer-leaf valorization.
SN  - 2590-1575
ER  -