An Extra-nuclear Water Maser in NGC 1106 Likely Driven By An AGN Shock: Implications for Maser-based Black Hole Mass Measurements
Abstract
We present Very Large Array A-configuration ($0.13$'') 22 GHz spectral-line and continuum observations of the Swift-BAT detected Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 1106, aimed at localizing a water maser line offset from the host systemic velocity by 541 km s−1. The 22 GHz continuum emission reveals a 352 pc extended structure within the nucleus of NGC 1106, and we spatially resolve the water maser emission to a compact region ∼1 kpc ($3.12$'') from the nucleus. Comparing our data with previous 22 GHz 1'' observations, we found that the water maser lies near the boundary of a radio extension aligned with the jet axis, likely arising from the interface between the active galactic nucleus (AGN) outflow and the host galaxy's ISM. To verify this, we compared the water maser in NGC 1106 to a known water maser in a star-forming region within the Milky Way, along with known extragalactic water masers associated with star formation and AGN driven outflows. Overall, we found that the maser position, velocity offset, flux density, and alignment with the jet axis are consistent with an origin at the interface between the AGN outflow and the host ISM. Our results have important implications for maser-based black hole mass measurements in which disk geometry is ambiguous. Since single-dish observations cannot spatially separate disk masers from outflow-driven masers, high-velocity maser features attributed to the accretion disk may also include contributions from kpc-scale shocks.
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BibTeX
@misc{magno2026extranuclear,
title = {{An Extra-nuclear Water Maser in NGC 1106 Likely Driven By An AGN Shock: Implications for Maser-based Black Hole Mass Measurements}},
author = {Macon Magno and Emmanuel Momjian and Krista L. Smith and O. Ivy Wong and Travis C. Fischer and Michael J. Koss and Chenoa D. Tremblay},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.31753},
eprint = {2610.31753},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31753},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - An Extra-nuclear Water Maser in NGC 1106 Likely Driven By An AGN Shock: Implications for Maser-based Black Hole Mass Measurements
AU - Macon Magno
AU - Emmanuel Momjian
AU - Krista L. Smith
AU - O. Ivy Wong
AU - Travis C. Fischer
AU - Michael J. Koss
AU - Chenoa D. Tremblay
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.31753
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31753
AB - We present Very Large Array A-configuration ($0.13$'') 22 GHz spectral-line and continuum observations of the Swift-BAT detected Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 1106, aimed at localizing a water maser line offset from the host systemic velocity by 541 km s^−1. The 22 GHz continuum emission reveals a 352 pc extended structure within the nucleus of NGC 1106, and we spatially resolve the water maser emission to a compact region ∼1 kpc ($3.12$'') from the nucleus. Comparing our data with previous 22 GHz 1'' observations, we found that the water maser lies near the boundary of a radio extension aligned with the jet axis, likely arising from the interface between the active galactic nucleus (AGN) outflow and the host galaxy's ISM. To verify this, we compared the water maser in NGC 1106 to a known water maser in a star-forming region within the Milky Way, along with known extragalactic water masers associated with star formation and AGN driven outflows. Overall, we found that the maser position, velocity offset, flux density, and alignment with the jet axis are consistent with an origin at the interface between the AGN outflow and the host ISM. Our results have important implications for maser-based black hole mass measurements in which disk geometry is ambiguous. Since single-dish observations cannot spatially separate disk masers from outflow-driven masers, high-velocity maser features attributed to the accretion disk may also include contributions from kpc-scale shocks.
ER -