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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Molecules

Harmonized Sequential Extraction Parameters for Soil Organic Matter Fractions Across Contrasting Land-Use Soils: Optimization and Mass-Balance Assessment

  • Yunchuan Dai1
  • Yi Sun1
  • Qiqi Zhang1
  • Ning An2
  • Sibiao Zhao2
  • Deren Miao1
  1. 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
  2. 2Kunming Institute for Food and Drug Control, Kunming 650118, China
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Abstract

Fine fractionation of soil organic matter (SOM) underpins the interpretation of element speciation in different SOM pools, yet sequential extraction methods are mostly optimized for single soil types, limiting inter-study comparability. We optimized extraction time and concentration for six SOM fractions—exchangeable SOM (Ex), humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), iron-bound humin (HMi), clay-bound humin (HMc), and insoluble humin (HMr)—using forest, vegetable, and farmland soils from Lincang, Yunnan, and characterized the extraction residues by FTIR, SEM, and EEM analyses. Optimal parameters fell within 8–12 h and 0.5–1.0 mol L−1: Ex, 1 mol L−1 NH4Ac (pH 5.0, 12 h); HA/FA, 1 mol L−1 NaOH + 0.05 mol L−1 Na4P2O7 (12 h); HMi, 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 (8 h), then 0.5 mol L−1 NaOH + saturated Na2SO4 (12 h); HMc, 1 mol L−1 H2SO4–HF (1:1, v/v, 12 h), then the same alkali extraction. Total SOM extraction rates reached 90.05% ± 1.12% to 96.97% ± 1.27% (n = 3); residues showed progressive stripping from weakly to strongly bound fractions, and fraction distributions differed consistently among land-use types. This framework provides a methodological basis for cross-soil SOM fractionation.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{dai2026harmonized,
  title = {{Harmonized Sequential Extraction Parameters for Soil Organic Matter Fractions Across Contrasting Land-Use Soils: Optimization and Mass-Balance Assessment}},
  author = {Yunchuan Dai and Yi Sun and Qiqi Zhang and Ning An and Sibiao Zhao and Deren Miao},
  journal = {Molecules},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/molecules31213880},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3880},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Harmonized Sequential Extraction Parameters for Soil Organic Matter Fractions Across Contrasting Land-Use Soils: Optimization and Mass-Balance Assessment
AU  - Yunchuan Dai
AU  - Yi Sun
AU  - Qiqi Zhang
AU  - Ning An
AU  - Sibiao Zhao
AU  - Deren Miao
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/27
JO  - Molecules
DO  - 10.3390/molecules31213880
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3880
AB  - Fine fractionation of soil organic matter (SOM) underpins the interpretation of element speciation in different SOM pools, yet sequential extraction methods are mostly optimized for single soil types, limiting inter-study comparability. We optimized extraction time and concentration for six SOM fractions—exchangeable SOM (Ex), humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), iron-bound humin (HMi), clay-bound humin (HMc), and insoluble humin (HMr)—using forest, vegetable, and farmland soils from Lincang, Yunnan, and characterized the extraction residues by FTIR, SEM, and EEM analyses. Optimal parameters fell within 8–12 h and 0.5–1.0 mol L−1: Ex, 1 mol L−1 NH4Ac (pH 5.0, 12 h); HA/FA, 1 mol L−1 NaOH + 0.05 mol L−1 Na4P2O7 (12 h); HMi, 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 (8 h), then 0.5 mol L−1 NaOH + saturated Na2SO4 (12 h); HMc, 1 mol L−1 H2SO4–HF (1:1, v/v, 12 h), then the same alkali extraction. Total SOM extraction rates reached 90.05% ± 1.12% to 96.97% ± 1.27% (n = 3); residues showed progressive stripping from weakly to strongly bound fractions, and fraction distributions differed consistently among land-use types. This framework provides a methodological basis for cross-soil SOM fractionation.
SN  - 1420-3049
ER  -