Theoretical and Computational Advances in Birkhoff Pseudospectral Transcription for Aerospace Optimal Control
Abstract
Birkhoff pseudospectral methods replace the differentiation matrices of classical transcriptions with integration operators whose conditioning does not deteriorate with polynomial order. This paper presents theoretical and computational advancements toward their practical use in aerospace optimal control. The initial-point-anchored Birkhoff integration operator is constructed explicitly for flipped Legendre-Gauss-Radau grids and related exactly to the corresponding Lagrange differentiation matrix and, through a reflection, to the standard Radau Birkhoff operator, whose conditioning properties it inherits. Rate constraints on nonlinear functions of states and controls are enforced directly through the pseudospectral operators and, for control-rate limits, shown to be primal and dual equivalent to state augmentation. Non-affine time mappings concentrate the nodes around localized trajectory features, and composing affine scaling and equilibration transformations provides a systematic way to construct scaling strategies. The methods are implemented in the open-source MATLAB framework RAPTOR and tested across a range of challenging optimal control problems, including a dense-grid orbit-raising problem, a rate-limited landing scenario, a Space Shuttle entry problem, and a five-phase reusable-launch-vehicle mission.
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BibTeX
@misc{minnozzi2026theoretical,
title = {{Theoretical and Computational Advances in Birkhoff Pseudospectral Transcription for Aerospace Optimal Control}},
author = {Riccardo Minnozzi and Marco Sagliano},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.17842},
eprint = {2610.17842},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.17842},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Theoretical and Computational Advances in Birkhoff Pseudospectral Transcription for Aerospace Optimal Control
AU - Riccardo Minnozzi
AU - Marco Sagliano
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.17842
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.17842
AB - Birkhoff pseudospectral methods replace the differentiation matrices of classical transcriptions with integration operators whose conditioning does not deteriorate with polynomial order. This paper presents theoretical and computational advancements toward their practical use in aerospace optimal control. The initial-point-anchored Birkhoff integration operator is constructed explicitly for flipped Legendre-Gauss-Radau grids and related exactly to the corresponding Lagrange differentiation matrix and, through a reflection, to the standard Radau Birkhoff operator, whose conditioning properties it inherits. Rate constraints on nonlinear functions of states and controls are enforced directly through the pseudospectral operators and, for control-rate limits, shown to be primal and dual equivalent to state augmentation. Non-affine time mappings concentrate the nodes around localized trajectory features, and composing affine scaling and equilibration transformations provides a systematic way to construct scaling strategies. The methods are implemented in the open-source MATLAB framework RAPTOR and tested across a range of challenging optimal control problems, including a dense-grid orbit-raising problem, a rate-limited landing scenario, a Space Shuttle entry problem, and a five-phase reusable-launch-vehicle mission.
ER -