Childhood immunisation default rate and its associated factors among children attending public health clinics in Klang Health District, Selangor, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study.
7 affiliations
- 1Klinik Kesihatan Kapar, Jalan Perbandaran Taman Kapar, Kapar,Klang Selangor, Malaysia.
- 2Klinik Kesihatan Pandamaran, Jalan Raja Muda Musa, Kawasan 10, Pelabuhan Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- 3Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Kuda, Kawasan 15, Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- 4Klinik Kesihatan Meru, Jalan Kenangan, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- 5Klinik Kesihatan Anika, Jalan Tengku Kelana, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- 6IMU Medical Clinic, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- 7Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abstract
Childhood immunisation is one of the World Health Organization's strategies for reducing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). However, a proportion of children in Malaysia remain unvaccinated, as reflected in the increasing incidence of VPDs. This study aimed to determine the childhood immunisation default rate (CIDR) and its associated factors among children in Klang District. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023 among parents or guardians accompanying children aged 12-24 months at selected maternal and child health clinics in Klang Health District. Systematic random sampling was used, and an assisted validated questionnaire was utilised to assess sociodemographic, immunisation and associated factors. Data were analysed using SPSS version 29, involving three-level analysis (descriptive, bivariate (chi- square and Fisher's exact test) and multivariable logistic regression). A total of 400 respondents were recruited. The CIDR was 25.5%. The second measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine dose (22.1%) had the highest default rate, followed by the third pneumococcal vaccine dose (16.3%) and first MMR vaccine dose (14.3%). Child with younger age group (P=0.045) was found to be a risk factor, whereby healthy children (P<0.001) and having no transportation (P<0.001) were the protective factors to defaulting. This study shows a high CIDR, reflecting gaps in existing policies and systems. Child's age, health status and transportation were significantly associated with the CIDR. Therefore, more awareness and knowledge about the contraindications for immunisation and the importance of correct timing for immunisation should be emphasis. The associations between immunisations defaulting and transportation availability warrants further investigations.
Related
- Distribution and factors associated with refractive errors among young adults attending ophthalmic clinics in Iraq: a multicenter cross-sectional study
- Prevalence, severity, and associated factors of thrombocytopenia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in North West Ethiopia,2024: cross-sectional study
- Exploring the Association Between Parenting Styles, Dental Anxiety, and Dental Caries Experience Among Children Attending a University Dental Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Study.
- Assessment of parental knowledge on childhood developmental milestones and associated factors among parents of children under 5 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure and its Associated Factors among Antenatal and Postnatal Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chhattisgarh, India: A Cross-Sectional Study
BibTeX
@article{mahat2026childhood,
title = {{Childhood immunisation default rate and its associated factors among children attending public health clinics in Klang Health District, Selangor, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study.}},
author = {Ahmad Fairol Mahat and Selvam Renuka and Palaniandi Sinthamani and Siti Nurhanani Zaik and Sathiawathy Selvarajan and Suet Yin Chow and Fadzilah Mohamad},
journal = {Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.51866/oa.1065},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42999932},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Childhood immunisation default rate and its associated factors among children attending public health clinics in Klang Health District, Selangor, Malaysia: A cross-sectional study.
AU - Ahmad Fairol Mahat
AU - Selvam Renuka
AU - Palaniandi Sinthamani
AU - Siti Nurhanani Zaik
AU - Sathiawathy Selvarajan
AU - Suet Yin Chow
AU - Fadzilah Mohamad
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/13
JO - Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia
DO - 10.51866/oa.1065
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42999932
AB - Childhood immunisation is one of the World Health Organization's strategies for reducing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). However, a proportion of children in Malaysia remain unvaccinated, as reflected in the increasing incidence of VPDs. This study aimed to determine the childhood immunisation default rate (CIDR) and its associated factors among children in Klang District. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023 among parents or guardians accompanying children aged 12-24 months at selected maternal and child health clinics in Klang Health District. Systematic random sampling was used, and an assisted validated questionnaire was utilised to assess sociodemographic, immunisation and associated factors. Data were analysed using SPSS version 29, involving three-level analysis (descriptive, bivariate (chi- square and Fisher's exact test) and multivariable logistic regression). A total of 400 respondents were recruited. The CIDR was 25.5%. The second measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine dose (22.1%) had the highest default rate, followed by the third pneumococcal vaccine dose (16.3%) and first MMR vaccine dose (14.3%). Child with younger age group (P=0.045) was found to be a risk factor, whereby healthy children (P<0.001) and having no transportation (P<0.001) were the protective factors to defaulting. This study shows a high CIDR, reflecting gaps in existing policies and systems. Child's age, health status and transportation were significantly associated with the CIDR. Therefore, more awareness and knowledge about the contraindications for immunisation and the importance of correct timing for immunisation should be emphasis. The associations between immunisations defaulting and transportation availability warrants further investigations.
SN - 1985-207X
SN - 1985-2274
ER -