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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Veterinary Research

Dual antigen-sampling sites support early mucosal antigen uptake in the porcine nasal cavity

  • Shubin Li1
  • Yuye Liu1
  • Minjie Wang1
  • Haonan Li1
  • Kang Chen1
  • Yifei Zhu1
  • Yulu Bao1
  • Qiang Zhang2
  • Qian Yang1
  1. 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
  2. 2Novo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, 312366 China
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Abstract

Intranasal vaccination is a promising strategy for preventing respiratory infections. However, the anatomical and cellular pathways responsible for antigen sampling in the porcine nasal cavity remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified and characterized two spatially distinct antigen-sampling sites in the porcine nasal cavity: the anterior respiratory mucosa (RM) and the posterior nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Following intranasal administration of ovalbumin (OVA), a subset of OVA+ epithelial cells at both sites was labeled by Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1) and NKM 16-2-4, indicating that these cells might exhibit an M-cell-like phenotype. In RM, OVA was initially localized to the epithelium and was subsequently detected in the lamina propria by 6 h and in CD11c+ cells (a population that might include dendritic cells) at 24 h. By contrast, OVA reached the underlying lymphoid follicles in NALT as early as 2 h. OVA+ cells were also detected in mandibular draining lymph nodes at 6 h. Moreover, an air–liquid interface co-culture model showed apical-to-basolateral OVA transport across differentiated nasal epithelial cultures and subsequent OVA acquisition by underlying differentiated bone marrow cells (dBMCs). Together, these findings identify anterior RM and posterior NALT as two antigen-sampling sites with distinct temporal dynamics and define early cellular events that might contribute to mucosal immune induction in pigs.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-026-01863-2.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{li2026dual,
  title = {{Dual antigen-sampling sites support early mucosal antigen uptake in the porcine nasal cavity}},
  author = {Shubin Li and Yuye Liu and Minjie Wang and Haonan Li and Kang Chen and Yifei Zhu and Yulu Bao and Qiang Zhang and Qian Yang},
  journal = {Veterinary Research},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1186/s13567-026-01863-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-026-01863-2},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Dual antigen-sampling sites support early mucosal antigen uptake in the porcine nasal cavity
AU  - Shubin Li
AU  - Yuye Liu
AU  - Minjie Wang
AU  - Haonan Li
AU  - Kang Chen
AU  - Yifei Zhu
AU  - Yulu Bao
AU  - Qiang Zhang
AU  - Qian Yang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/27
JO  - Veterinary Research
DO  - 10.1186/s13567-026-01863-2
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-026-01863-2
AB  - Intranasal vaccination is a promising strategy for preventing respiratory infections. However, the anatomical and cellular pathways responsible for antigen sampling in the porcine nasal cavity remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified and characterized two spatially distinct antigen-sampling sites in the porcine nasal cavity: the anterior respiratory mucosa (RM) and the posterior nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Following intranasal administration of ovalbumin (OVA), a subset of OVA+ epithelial cells at both sites was labeled by Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1) and NKM 16-2-4, indicating that these cells might exhibit an M-cell-like phenotype. In RM, OVA was initially localized to the epithelium and was subsequently detected in the lamina propria by 6 h and in CD11c+ cells (a population that might include dendritic cells) at 24 h. By contrast, OVA reached the underlying lymphoid follicles in NALT as early as 2 h. OVA+ cells were also detected in mandibular draining lymph nodes at 6 h. Moreover, an air–liquid interface co-culture model showed apical-to-basolateral OVA transport across differentiated nasal epithelial cultures and subsequent OVA acquisition by underlying differentiated bone marrow cells (dBMCs). Together, these findings identify anterior RM and posterior NALT as two antigen-sampling sites with distinct temporal dynamics and define early cellular events that might contribute to mucosal immune induction in pigs.  Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-026-01863-2.
SN  - 0928-4249
SN  - 1297-9716
ER  -