Waste-Derived Zeolite-P (GIS): Synthesis, Polymorphism, Characterization, and Adsorption Applications for Water Purification and Selective Gas Separation
5 affiliations
- 1Laboratory of Applied Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524 El M’Naouer, Oran 31000, Algeria
- 2Laboratory of Elaboration and Spectroscopic Characterizations of Structural and Electronic Properties Materials, Faculty of Technology, University of Saida Tahar Moulay, P.B. 138 Ennasr, Saida 20000, Algeria
- 3Qi S.r.l., Via Monte d’Oro, 2/A, 00071 Pomezia, Italy
- 4Research Direction, Universidad ECOTEC, Km 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón 092302, Ecuador
- 5National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP), 405A Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
Abstract
Zeolite-P is a synthetic member of the gismondine (GIS) framework family and is intrinsically microporous, with intersecting eight-membered-ring channels. Mesoporosity reported for some Zeolite-P samples is therefore a secondary textural feature arising from interparticle voids, crystal aggregation, defects, or deliberately hierarchical architectures rather than from the GIS framework itself. This critical review focuses specifically on waste-derived GIS/Zeolite-P and integrates polymorph selection (Na-P1 and Na-P2), phase-purity assessment, precursor-to-property relationships, shaping, regeneration, and adsorption under increasingly realistic conditions. Structural and compositional evidence from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), solid-state 29Si and 27Al magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis is evaluated in terms of what each technique can establish specifically for GIS materials. Waste-derived synthesis routes—including hydrothermal, alkali-fusion-assisted, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, sol–gel, and solvent-free methods—are compared without assuming that a waste precursor or a shorter synthesis is intrinsically lower-impact. Particular attention is paid to water purification, ion exchange, dehydration, and selective gas adsorption, while distinguishing single-solute batch tests from multicomponent, real-water, regeneration, and breakthrough evidence. The review also reconciles computational predictions with experiments: idealized pure-silica GIS models can overpredict CO2 uptake relative to realistic aluminosilicate Na-P1/Na-P2, for which extra-framework cations, hydration, and restricted diffusion strongly affect accessibility. The resulting analysis identifies phase purity, matrix effects, regeneration, leaching safety, shaping, and process-level techno-economic/life-cycle metrics as the key barriers to translation of waste-derived Zeolite-P from laboratory studies to deployable adsorbents.
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BibTeX
@article{boudia2026wastederived,
title = {{Waste-Derived Zeolite-P (GIS): Synthesis, Polymorphism, Characterization, and Adsorption Applications for Water Purification and Selective Gas Separation}},
author = {Rafik Abdelkrim Boudia and Stefano Bellucci and Mehdi Adjdir},
journal = {Molecules},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/molecules31203720},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3720},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Waste-Derived Zeolite-P (GIS): Synthesis, Polymorphism, Characterization, and Adsorption Applications for Water Purification and Selective Gas Separation
AU - Rafik Abdelkrim Boudia
AU - Stefano Bellucci
AU - Mehdi Adjdir
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Molecules
DO - 10.3390/molecules31203720
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3720
AB - Zeolite-P is a synthetic member of the gismondine (GIS) framework family and is intrinsically microporous, with intersecting eight-membered-ring channels. Mesoporosity reported for some Zeolite-P samples is therefore a secondary textural feature arising from interparticle voids, crystal aggregation, defects, or deliberately hierarchical architectures rather than from the GIS framework itself. This critical review focuses specifically on waste-derived GIS/Zeolite-P and integrates polymorph selection (Na-P1 and Na-P2), phase-purity assessment, precursor-to-property relationships, shaping, regeneration, and adsorption under increasingly realistic conditions. Structural and compositional evidence from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), solid-state 29Si and 27Al magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis is evaluated in terms of what each technique can establish specifically for GIS materials. Waste-derived synthesis routes—including hydrothermal, alkali-fusion-assisted, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, sol–gel, and solvent-free methods—are compared without assuming that a waste precursor or a shorter synthesis is intrinsically lower-impact. Particular attention is paid to water purification, ion exchange, dehydration, and selective gas adsorption, while distinguishing single-solute batch tests from multicomponent, real-water, regeneration, and breakthrough evidence. The review also reconciles computational predictions with experiments: idealized pure-silica GIS models can overpredict CO2 uptake relative to realistic aluminosilicate Na-P1/Na-P2, for which extra-framework cations, hydration, and restricted diffusion strongly affect accessibility. The resulting analysis identifies phase purity, matrix effects, regeneration, leaching safety, shaping, and process-level techno-economic/life-cycle metrics as the key barriers to translation of waste-derived Zeolite-P from laboratory studies to deployable adsorbents.
SN - 1420-3049
ER -