A High-Performance Sustainable Solid-State Supercapacitor Utilizing Hazelnut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon and Optimized Polymer Blend Electrolyte
8 affiliations
- 1Department of Physics, M'Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, 35000, Algeria
- 2Environmental, Materials, and Revetement Laboratory (EM-RL), M'Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, 35000, Algérie
- 3Research Center on Semiconductors Technology for Energetic, CRTSE, Algiers -16038, Algeria
- 4Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, Vaasa-65200, Finland
- 5Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Türkiye
- 6Centre de Développement des Technologies Avancées, Alger, Baba Hassen,16081, Algeria
- 7Department of Bioengineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Türkiye
- 8Research Unit Materials Processes and Environment, University of Boumerdes, Boumerdes, 35000, Algeria
Abstract
In this work, we report the development of a solid-state supercapacitor based on activated carbon derived from hazelnut shells (HZs) and an optimized polymer blend electrolyte. Hazelnut shells, an abundant agricultural waste, were converted into highly porous activated carbon through controlled pyrolysis and chemical activation, yielding a material with a well-developed pore structure suitable for electrochemical energy storage. A flexible polymer electrolyte was prepared using a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) blend (90:10% (mass)) with potassium chloride (KCl) as an ionic dopant to enhance ionic conductivity. The optimal electrolyte composition containing 15% (mass) KCl exhibited an ionic conductivity of 7.0×10 -7 S·cm -1 at room temperature. Structural and chemical analyses using X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the amorphous carbon structure and the presence of surface functional groups favorable for ion transport. The intrinsic electrochemical properties of the activated carbon electrodes were first evaluated in a three-electrode configuration using 1 mol·L -1 Na 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolyte, revealing dominant electric double-layer capacitive behavior, low charge-transfer resistance, and a high specific capacitance of 350 F·g -1 at a current density of 0.4 mA·g -1 , with 95% capacitance retention after 4400 cycles. Subsequently, a solid-state symmetric supercapacitor device was fabricated using the optimized polymer electrolyte and identical activated carbon electrodes. The device exhibited a specific capacitance of 320 F·g -1 at a scan rate of 2 mV·s -1 and excellent cycling stability, maintaining 98% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles. The practical applicability of the device was demonstrated by successfully powering a red Light Emitting Diode. This study highlights the potential of combining biomass-derived carbon electrodes with optimized polymer electrolytes for sustainable and high-performance solid-state energy storage applications.
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BibTeX
@article{boukhouidem2026highperformance,
title = {{A High-Performance Sustainable Solid-State Supercapacitor Utilizing Hazelnut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon and Optimized Polymer Blend Electrolyte}},
author = {Khadidja Boukhouidem and Theodore Azemtsop Manfo and Mustafa Ergin Şahın and Khaled Derkaoui and Derya Bal Altuntaş and Amel Slimani and Toufik Hadjersi and Seddik Elhak Abaidia},
journal = {Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.1016/j.cjche.2026.05.021},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2026.05.021},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - A High-Performance Sustainable Solid-State Supercapacitor Utilizing Hazelnut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon and Optimized Polymer Blend Electrolyte
AU - Khadidja Boukhouidem
AU - Theodore Azemtsop Manfo
AU - Mustafa Ergin Şahın
AU - Khaled Derkaoui
AU - Derya Bal Altuntaş
AU - Amel Slimani
AU - Toufik Hadjersi
AU - Seddik Elhak Abaidia
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/01
JO - Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
DO - 10.1016/j.cjche.2026.05.021
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2026.05.021
AB - In this work, we report the development of a solid-state supercapacitor based on activated carbon derived from hazelnut shells (HZs) and an optimized polymer blend electrolyte. Hazelnut shells, an abundant agricultural waste, were converted into highly porous activated carbon through controlled pyrolysis and chemical activation, yielding a material with a well-developed pore structure suitable for electrochemical energy storage. A flexible polymer electrolyte was prepared using a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) blend (90:10% (mass)) with potassium chloride (KCl) as an ionic dopant to enhance ionic conductivity. The optimal electrolyte composition containing 15% (mass) KCl exhibited an ionic conductivity of 7.0×10 -7 S·cm -1 at room temperature. Structural and chemical analyses using X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the amorphous carbon structure and the presence of surface functional groups favorable for ion transport. The intrinsic electrochemical properties of the activated carbon electrodes were first evaluated in a three-electrode configuration using 1 mol·L -1 Na 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolyte, revealing dominant electric double-layer capacitive behavior, low charge-transfer resistance, and a high specific capacitance of 350 F·g -1 at a current density of 0.4 mA·g -1 , with 95% capacitance retention after 4400 cycles. Subsequently, a solid-state symmetric supercapacitor device was fabricated using the optimized polymer electrolyte and identical activated carbon electrodes. The device exhibited a specific capacitance of 320 F·g -1 at a scan rate of 2 mV·s -1 and excellent cycling stability, maintaining 98% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles. The practical applicability of the device was demonstrated by successfully powering a red Light Emitting Diode. This study highlights the potential of combining biomass-derived carbon electrodes with optimized polymer electrolytes for sustainable and high-performance solid-state energy storage applications.
SN - 1004-9541
SN - 2210-321X
ER -