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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nutrients

DietaryMineral Density and Clinical Outcomes in Adults with Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Global and Sex-Specific Associations in the BioICOPER Study

  • Marta Gómez-Sánchez1
  • David Rodríguez García2,3,4
  • Elena Navarro Matías2,3,4,5
  • Alicia Navarro-Cáceres2,3,4
  • Silvia Arroyo-Romero3,4,5
  • Nuria Suárez-Moreno3,4,5
  • Andrea Domínguez-Martín3,4
  • Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos2,3,4,5
  • David Arjol2,3,4,6
  • Leticia Gómez-Sánchez6
  • BioICOPER Investigators Group
6 affiliations
  1. 1Servicio de Hospitalización a Domicilio, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
  2. 2Unidad de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACyL), Avenida de Portugal 83, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
  3. 3Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
  4. 4Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
  5. 5Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Avenida de Portugal 83, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
  6. 6Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias Alcalá, Campus Exterior de la Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera de Meco, s/n, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The role of routine dietary mineral intake in the clinical expression of long COVID is poorly studied. The association between the energy-adjusted dietary density of nine minerals and 16 clinical outcomes was analyzed, exploring differences according to sex. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 290 participants of the BioICOPER study (93 men and 197 women). Intake was estimated with a validated seven-day record; calcium, iron, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus were expressed per 1000 kcal. Spearman correlations were performed with Benjamini–Hochberg correction (FDR), multivariable linear regression, bootstrap with 5000 resamplings and analysis by sex. Results: In the overall cohort (n = 290), bivariate correlations between dietary mineral densities and clinical outcomes were weak (|r| < 0.15), and none of the 144 tested associations survived false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment (q > 0.05). In exploratory multivariable regressions, higher iron and zinc densities were nominally associated with lower depressive symptoms. Formal mineral × sex interaction tests were restricted to k = 2 pairs that met screening criteria (iron and zinc with depressive symptoms); both were nominally significant (p bootstrap = 0.041 and 0.015, respectively) without correction for multiplicity, indicating tentative, exploratory findings. Conclusions: No robust global associations were observed between dietary mineral density and clinical burden. The identified associations, especially the relationship between zinc and depressive symptoms in women, are exploratory and require prospective confirmation.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{gomezsanchez2026dietarymineral,
  title = {{DietaryMineral Density and Clinical Outcomes in Adults with Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Global and Sex-Specific Associations in the BioICOPER Study}},
  author = {Marta Gómez-Sánchez and David Rodríguez García and Elena Navarro Matías and Alicia Navarro-Cáceres and Silvia Arroyo-Romero and Nuria Suárez-Moreno and Andrea Domínguez-Martín and Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos and David Arjol and Leticia Gómez-Sánchez and BioICOPER Investigators Group},
  journal = {Nutrients},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nu18203383},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/20/3383},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - DietaryMineral Density and Clinical Outcomes in Adults with Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Global and Sex-Specific Associations in the BioICOPER Study
AU  - Marta Gómez-Sánchez
AU  - David Rodríguez García
AU  - Elena Navarro Matías
AU  - Alicia Navarro-Cáceres
AU  - Silvia Arroyo-Romero
AU  - Nuria Suárez-Moreno
AU  - Andrea Domínguez-Martín
AU  - Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos
AU  - David Arjol
AU  - Leticia Gómez-Sánchez
AU  - BioICOPER Investigators Group
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Nutrients
DO  - 10.3390/nu18203383
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/20/3383
AB  - Background/Objectives: The role of routine dietary mineral intake in the clinical expression of long COVID is poorly studied. The association between the energy-adjusted dietary density of nine minerals and 16 clinical outcomes was analyzed, exploring differences according to sex. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 290 participants of the BioICOPER study (93 men and 197 women). Intake was estimated with a validated seven-day record; calcium, iron, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus were expressed per 1000 kcal. Spearman correlations were performed with Benjamini–Hochberg correction (FDR), multivariable linear regression, bootstrap with 5000 resamplings and analysis by sex. Results: In the overall cohort (n = 290), bivariate correlations between dietary mineral densities and clinical outcomes were weak (|r| < 0.15), and none of the 144 tested associations survived false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment (q > 0.05). In exploratory multivariable regressions, higher iron and zinc densities were nominally associated with lower depressive symptoms. Formal mineral × sex interaction tests were restricted to k = 2 pairs that met screening criteria (iron and zinc with depressive symptoms); both were nominally significant (p bootstrap = 0.041 and 0.015, respectively) without correction for multiplicity, indicating tentative, exploratory findings. Conclusions: No robust global associations were observed between dietary mineral density and clinical burden. The identified associations, especially the relationship between zinc and depressive symptoms in women, are exploratory and require prospective confirmation.
SN  - 2072-6643
ER  -