Phylodynamic analysis reveals asymmetric and accelerating global spread of dengue virus
- 1MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1NH, UK
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) continues to expand globally, with increasing incidence in both endemic and non-endemic countries. Leveraging a large global dataset of DENV genomes starting from the 1940s, we reconstructed global and regional patterns of DENV spread using phylogeographic and phylodynamic methods. Our analyses reveal that the current global diversity of urban DENV originated in Asia in the first half of the 20th century. During the more than 100 years since, we find that the highest density of between-country spread occurs within Asia and the region continues to be a global source, seeding transmission in Africa and the Americas. Global spread is, however, not balanced. Even though there is more travel to South America, we show that DENV lineages primarily enter North America (mostly from South Asia) through a link defined by seasonal synchrony across the Northern Hemisphere. Along with a substantial increase in global travel starting ~2010, the rate of spread to the Americas is increasing, establishing new lineages associated with large recent outbreaks. DENV lineages do not frequently spread back to Asia from the Americas or Africa, and we posit this is due to higher genetic diversity in Asia, leading to stiffer competition for invading lineages. Within the Americas, the network of DENV dispersal initiates in North America, primarily the Caribbean, and then is maintained by major hubs in South America. Overall, we find that travel volume, rather than climate factors, is mostly responsible for long-term patterns of DENV spread globally and within the Americas. Our results highlight key nodes in the global dynamics of DENV lineages, and suggest spread will continue to accelerate in a more connected world.
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BibTeX
@misc{hill2026phylodynamic,
title = {{Phylodynamic analysis reveals asymmetric and accelerating global spread of dengue virus}},
author = {V. Hill and G. Dudas and X. Ji and R. Huits and D. H. Hamer and H.-K. Joshi and A. J. Porzucek and R. Lopes and H. Robertson and C. F. Whittaker and M. U. G. Kraemer and M. A. Johansson and N. R. Faria and O. Brady and S. Dellicour and M. A. Suchard and P. Lemey and C. J. Carlson and G. Baele and N. D. Grubaugh},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.28.754967},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.28.754967v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Phylodynamic analysis reveals asymmetric and accelerating global spread of dengue virus
AU - V. Hill
AU - G. Dudas
AU - X. Ji
AU - R. Huits
AU - D. H. Hamer
AU - H.-K. Joshi
AU - A. J. Porzucek
AU - R. Lopes
AU - H. Robertson
AU - C. F. Whittaker
AU - M. U. G. Kraemer
AU - M. A. Johansson
AU - N. R. Faria
AU - O. Brady
AU - S. Dellicour
AU - M. A. Suchard
AU - P. Lemey
AU - C. J. Carlson
AU - G. Baele
AU - N. D. Grubaugh
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/28
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.28.754967
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.28.754967v1
AB - Dengue virus (DENV) continues to expand globally, with increasing incidence in both endemic and non-endemic countries. Leveraging a large global dataset of DENV genomes starting from the 1940s, we reconstructed global and regional patterns of DENV spread using phylogeographic and phylodynamic methods. Our analyses reveal that the current global diversity of urban DENV originated in Asia in the first half of the 20th century. During the more than 100 years since, we find that the highest density of between-country spread occurs within Asia and the region continues to be a global source, seeding transmission in Africa and the Americas. Global spread is, however, not balanced. Even though there is more travel to South America, we show that DENV lineages primarily enter North America (mostly from South Asia) through a link defined by seasonal synchrony across the Northern Hemisphere. Along with a substantial increase in global travel starting ~2010, the rate of spread to the Americas is increasing, establishing new lineages associated with large recent outbreaks. DENV lineages do not frequently spread back to Asia from the Americas or Africa, and we posit this is due to higher genetic diversity in Asia, leading to stiffer competition for invading lineages. Within the Americas, the network of DENV dispersal initiates in North America, primarily the Caribbean, and then is maintained by major hubs in South America. Overall, we find that travel volume, rather than climate factors, is mostly responsible for long-term patterns of DENV spread globally and within the Americas. Our results highlight key nodes in the global dynamics of DENV lineages, and suggest spread will continue to accelerate in a more connected world.
ER -