Benchmarking Faradaic Efficiency and O2 Quantification during Water Oxidation under Mild Conditions Using a 3D-Printed Cell and Clark Electrode
- 1University of Campinas − UNICAMP , , P.O. Box 6154, , ,
Abstract
Producing green hydrogen via water electrolysis offers a potential pathway for achieving a sustainable energy transition. Despite its potential, it is limited by the sluggish kinetics of OER, which motivates the development of efficient catalysts. In addition, the field still lacks standardized and reproducible approaches for evaluating catalyst faradaic efficiency (FE) and monitoring the oxygen production. Therefore, we present a 3D-printed electrochemical cell coupled with a Clark sensor for in situ oxygen quantification during OER, while measurement uncertainties were examined to confirm the precision and reproducibility of the methodology. The effects of electrolyte concentration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol L–1 KNO3), different electrolytes (KNO3 and PBS), electrode surface area (0.071 and 0.195 cm2), and applied constant current (1, 5, and 10 mA) were investigated. Statistical validation demonstrated high reproducibility and robustness. At 10 mA in 0.1 mol L–1 KNO3 using a 0.071 cm2 electrode area, Pt exhibited higher oxygen evolution and FE (4.55 ± 0.5 mg L–1, 85.6 ± 10.8%) than GC (2.32 ± 0.3 mg L–1, 43.6 ± 6.1%). The methodology was subsequently applied to Prussian blue (FePBA), and its respective cobalt and nickel Prussian blue analogues (CoPBA and NiPBA, respectively). Among the investigated materials, NiPBA exhibited the highest OER activity (0.40 ± 0.03 mg L–1 with 76.5 ± 5.7% FE), and was comparable to CoPBA, while both outperformed FePBA at 1 mA. A trend in the NOP was observed among the PBAs, following the order NiPBA ≥ CoPBA > FePBA. This approach provides a reproducible platform for dissolved oxygen quantification and the standardized benchmarking of OER electrocatalysts.
Related
- Enhanced methane partial oxidation via plasma–catalyst coupling using ion-exchanged copper geopolymers deposited on the inner electrode
- Quantification of Partial Oxidation of Magnetite to Maghemite in Aqueous Solution Using XRD
- Nitrogen fixation efficiency enhancement using plasma jet: Impact of grounded electrode
- Bisulfate-mediated selective methane oxidation under mild aqueous conditions
- Beyond Faradaic Efficiency: Towards efficient electroreduction of CO2 in Membrane-Electrode assemblies
BibTeX
@article{galdino2026benchmarking,
title = {{Benchmarking Faradaic Efficiency and O2 Quantification during Water Oxidation under Mild Conditions Using a 3D-Printed Cell and Clark Electrode}},
author = {Nycolas S. Galdino and Nishta Nagpal and Isabelle C. S. Chaves and Guida H. M. Nascimento and William R. de Araujo and Juliano A. Bonacin},
journal = {ACS Omega},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.5c13636},
url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/62424/5446767/Benchmarking-Faradaic-Efficiency-and-O2},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Benchmarking Faradaic Efficiency and O2 Quantification during Water Oxidation under Mild Conditions Using a 3D-Printed Cell and Clark Electrode
AU - Nycolas S. Galdino
AU - Nishta Nagpal
AU - Isabelle C. S. Chaves
AU - Guida H. M. Nascimento
AU - William R. de Araujo
AU - Juliano A. Bonacin
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
JO - ACS Omega
DO - 10.1021/acsomega.5c13636
UR - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/62424/5446767/Benchmarking-Faradaic-Efficiency-and-O2
AB - Producing green hydrogen via water electrolysis offers a potential pathway for achieving a sustainable energy transition. Despite its potential, it is limited by the sluggish kinetics of OER, which motivates the development of efficient catalysts. In addition, the field still lacks standardized and reproducible approaches for evaluating catalyst faradaic efficiency (FE) and monitoring the oxygen production. Therefore, we present a 3D-printed electrochemical cell coupled with a Clark sensor for in situ oxygen quantification during OER, while measurement uncertainties were examined to confirm the precision and reproducibility of the methodology. The effects of electrolyte concentration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol L–1 KNO3), different electrolytes (KNO3 and PBS), electrode surface area (0.071 and 0.195 cm2), and applied constant current (1, 5, and 10 mA) were investigated. Statistical validation demonstrated high reproducibility and robustness. At 10 mA in 0.1 mol L–1 KNO3 using a 0.071 cm2 electrode area, Pt exhibited higher oxygen evolution and FE (4.55 ± 0.5 mg L–1, 85.6 ± 10.8%) than GC (2.32 ± 0.3 mg L–1, 43.6 ± 6.1%). The methodology was subsequently applied to Prussian blue (FePBA), and its respective cobalt and nickel Prussian blue analogues (CoPBA and NiPBA, respectively). Among the investigated materials, NiPBA exhibited the highest OER activity (0.40 ± 0.03 mg L–1 with 76.5 ± 5.7% FE), and was comparable to CoPBA, while both outperformed FePBA at 1 mA. A trend in the NOP was observed among the PBAs, following the order NiPBA ≥ CoPBA > FePBA. This approach provides a reproducible platform for dissolved oxygen quantification and the standardized benchmarking of OER electrocatalysts.
SN - 2470-1343
ER -