Immune-Related Proteomic Profiling in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Tissue and Soluble Biofluid Biomarkers
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- 3Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- 4Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- 5Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- 6Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) shows complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment, involving a range of immune checkpoint proteins and circulating biomarkers that may influence disease progression and response to treatment. Recent technological advances have identified tissue-based and circulating immune-related proteomic targets such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and circulating interleukin-8 (cIL-8) as potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Despite significant progress, ccRCC remains a major clinical challenge due to its diverse molecular and immunological characteristics that hinder the clinical utility of these biomarkers. The present review provides an updated overview of the current evidence regarding immune-related proteomic biomarkers in ccRCC, including both tissue-derived and circulating proteins. Herein, we discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of such agents, emphasizing their biological significance and potential to guide personalized immunotherapeutic strategies. Particular attention is given to the developing liquid-biopsy-based techniques and their application as novel minimally invasive methods of identifying new targets for disease monitoring and treatment evaluation. Finally, we focus on emerging therapeutic approaches and combined strategies, highlighting how biomarker-driven precision oncology continues to reshape ccRCC management.
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BibTeX
@article{anatoliotaki2026immunerelated,
title = {{Immune-Related Proteomic Profiling in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Tissue and Soluble Biofluid Biomarkers}},
author = {Christina Anatoliotaki and Sevastiani Antonouli and Vassilios Tzortzis and Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios and Ioannis Zachos and Eleni Thodou and Antonis Giakountis and Maria Samara},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ijms27219764},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9764},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Immune-Related Proteomic Profiling in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Tissue and Soluble Biofluid Biomarkers
AU - Christina Anatoliotaki
AU - Sevastiani Antonouli
AU - Vassilios Tzortzis
AU - Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios
AU - Ioannis Zachos
AU - Eleni Thodou
AU - Antonis Giakountis
AU - Maria Samara
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DO - 10.3390/ijms27219764
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9764
AB - Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) shows complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment, involving a range of immune checkpoint proteins and circulating biomarkers that may influence disease progression and response to treatment. Recent technological advances have identified tissue-based and circulating immune-related proteomic targets such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and circulating interleukin-8 (cIL-8) as potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Despite significant progress, ccRCC remains a major clinical challenge due to its diverse molecular and immunological characteristics that hinder the clinical utility of these biomarkers. The present review provides an updated overview of the current evidence regarding immune-related proteomic biomarkers in ccRCC, including both tissue-derived and circulating proteins. Herein, we discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of such agents, emphasizing their biological significance and potential to guide personalized immunotherapeutic strategies. Particular attention is given to the developing liquid-biopsy-based techniques and their application as novel minimally invasive methods of identifying new targets for disease monitoring and treatment evaluation. Finally, we focus on emerging therapeutic approaches and combined strategies, highlighting how biomarker-driven precision oncology continues to reshape ccRCC management.
SN - 1422-0067
ER -