An Assessment of the Triangulation Capabilities of a Multi-Site All-Sky Infrared Camera Array
Abstract
The Galileo Project operates three autonomous multi-camera observing sites near Las Vegas, Nevada, separated by baselines of $2$ and 10km, with the goal of characterizing the populations of natural and human-made objects that cross the sky and thereby isolating any event that fits none of them. Each site carries an array of eight long-wave infrared (LWIR) cameras arranged in a fixed dome-like structure, an IR-Dalek, providing 360∘ azimuthal coverage. We report the commissioning of the three arrays and present the triangulation pipeline built on them. Because our targets are not assumed to follow any particular trajectory, we depart from the parametric fits standard in meteor work and estimate the instantaneous three-dimensional position at each time step as the point that minimizes the weighted sum of squared distances to the simultaneous lines of sight, weighting each camera by its own pointing uncertainty and by its range to the object. We describe the intrinsic and extrinsic calibration procedure, which uses Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) aircraft as reference sources in the absence of stars or fixed landmarks in the LWIR field of view, and the multi-sensor track association scheme that decides which detections belong to the same object. Using one week of data (2026 May 24-30; 1,650 camera-hours, 2.1×108 detections and 5.3×106 tracks), we validate the recovered positions, speeds and accelerations against ADS-B records, recovering distances to within $5$% for $99$% of the aircraft solved from three sites and for $83$% of those solved from a single site pair and speeds to within $5$% for $78$% and $63$% of them respectively. We characterize the identification completeness of the array, which is set by apparent size: the $50$% identification threshold falls at $1.8$ pixels of apparent wingspan.
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BibTeX
@misc{loeb2026assessment,
title = {{An Assessment of the Triangulation Capabilities of a Multi-Site All-Sky Infrared Camera Array}},
author = {Abraham Loeb and Alex Delacroix and Ezra Kelderman and Eric Masson and Regina Sarmiento},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.06922},
eprint = {2610.06922},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.06922},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - An Assessment of the Triangulation Capabilities of a Multi-Site All-Sky Infrared Camera Array
AU - Abraham Loeb
AU - Alex Delacroix
AU - Ezra Kelderman
AU - Eric Masson
AU - Regina Sarmiento
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/02
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.06922
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.06922
AB - The Galileo Project operates three autonomous multi-camera observing sites near Las Vegas, Nevada, separated by baselines of $2$ and 10km, with the goal of characterizing the populations of natural and human-made objects that cross the sky and thereby isolating any event that fits none of them. Each site carries an array of eight long-wave infrared (LWIR) cameras arranged in a fixed dome-like structure, an IR-Dalek, providing 360^∘ azimuthal coverage. We report the commissioning of the three arrays and present the triangulation pipeline built on them. Because our targets are not assumed to follow any particular trajectory, we depart from the parametric fits standard in meteor work and estimate the instantaneous three-dimensional position at each time step as the point that minimizes the weighted sum of squared distances to the simultaneous lines of sight, weighting each camera by its own pointing uncertainty and by its range to the object. We describe the intrinsic and extrinsic calibration procedure, which uses Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) aircraft as reference sources in the absence of stars or fixed landmarks in the LWIR field of view, and the multi-sensor track association scheme that decides which detections belong to the same object. Using one week of data (2026 May 24-30; 1,650 camera-hours, 2.1×10^8 detections and 5.3×10^6 tracks), we validate the recovered positions, speeds and accelerations against ADS-B records, recovering distances to within $5$% for $99$% of the aircraft solved from three sites and for $83$% of those solved from a single site pair and speeds to within $5$% for $78$% and $63$% of them respectively. We characterize the identification completeness of the array, which is set by apparent size: the $50$% identification threshold falls at $1.8$ pixels of apparent wingspan.
ER -