Proof-of-Concept Evaluation of a Sock-Based Plantar Strain Sensing System for Diabetic Foot Monitoring.
6 affiliations
- 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- 2Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK.
- 3Centre for Clinical and Community Applications of Health Psychology, Shackleton Building, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
- 4School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BX, UK.
- 5Manchester Fashion Institute, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK.
- 6School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK.
Abstract
Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) pose a serious health risk to people with diabetes, with a high risk of recurrence following the first DFU and a risk of foot amputation or death. It greatly impacts patient quality of life and costs the NHS up to 0.7% of its annual budget. Over the last 20 years, work has highlighted the link between DFU formation and normal forces. More recently, work has highlighted the importance of strain/shear forces, which are inherently coupled with normal forces. While limited lab-based in-shoe systems have been produced to detect shear, they alter the shoe-foot interface and are not commercially available. Additionally, consultation with people with diabetes highlighted that they may not wear shoes around the house, leaving long periods where in-shoe solutions cannot track forces. We, therefore, present the development of a novel plantar shear measuring system, the Shear Tracking for Enhanced Prevention Sock (STEPS), an instrumented garment to provide an accessible tool for people at risk of DFUs. Integrating sensors within the sock provides a solution that seamlessly integrates within the foot-shoe environment, is suitable for shoeless use, and helps mitigate adherence issues. A prototype STEPS was produced, successfully integrating printed resistive strain sensors (proxy for shear) within custom-designed socks with flexible connectivity to a welt-mounted data acquisition unit. Proof-of-concept testing characterised the system's ability to measure plantar strain. A single-participant pilot study demonstrated that STEPS captures repeatable, gait-synchronised strain signals during walking, with a stationary noise floor below 10% of the typical per-cycle resistance response and between-repeat correlations of R = 0.41 and 0.78 for Sensor 1 and 2 respectively, supporting its potential to detect strain (as proxy for shear) during daily activity.
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BibTeX
@article{turnbull2026proofofconcept,
title = {{Proof-of-Concept Evaluation of a Sock-Based Plantar Strain Sensing System for Diabetic Foot Monitoring.}},
author = {Rory P Turnbull and Rachel Mason and Francesca Sairally and Jenny Corser and Giorgio Orlando and Prabhuraj D Venkatraman and Irantzu Yoldi and Katherine Bradbury and Neil D Reeves and Peter Culmer},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/s26206596},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944460},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Proof-of-Concept Evaluation of a Sock-Based Plantar Strain Sensing System for Diabetic Foot Monitoring.
AU - Rory P Turnbull
AU - Rachel Mason
AU - Francesca Sairally
AU - Jenny Corser
AU - Giorgio Orlando
AU - Prabhuraj D Venkatraman
AU - Irantzu Yoldi
AU - Katherine Bradbury
AU - Neil D Reeves
AU - Peter Culmer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/17
JO - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/s26206596
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944460
AB - Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) pose a serious health risk to people with diabetes, with a high risk of recurrence following the first DFU and a risk of foot amputation or death. It greatly impacts patient quality of life and costs the NHS up to 0.7% of its annual budget. Over the last 20 years, work has highlighted the link between DFU formation and normal forces. More recently, work has highlighted the importance of strain/shear forces, which are inherently coupled with normal forces. While limited lab-based in-shoe systems have been produced to detect shear, they alter the shoe-foot interface and are not commercially available. Additionally, consultation with people with diabetes highlighted that they may not wear shoes around the house, leaving long periods where in-shoe solutions cannot track forces. We, therefore, present the development of a novel plantar shear measuring system, the Shear Tracking for Enhanced Prevention Sock (STEPS), an instrumented garment to provide an accessible tool for people at risk of DFUs. Integrating sensors within the sock provides a solution that seamlessly integrates within the foot-shoe environment, is suitable for shoeless use, and helps mitigate adherence issues. A prototype STEPS was produced, successfully integrating printed resistive strain sensors (proxy for shear) within custom-designed socks with flexible connectivity to a welt-mounted data acquisition unit. Proof-of-concept testing characterised the system's ability to measure plantar strain. A single-participant pilot study demonstrated that STEPS captures repeatable, gait-synchronised strain signals during walking, with a stationary noise floor below 10% of the typical per-cycle resistance response and between-repeat correlations of R = 0.41 and 0.78 for Sensor 1 and 2 respectively, supporting its potential to detect strain (as proxy for shear) during daily activity.
SN - 1424-8220
ER -