Response surface methodology-optimized mildly carboxylated cellulose for dispersive solid-phase extraction and trace determination of heavy metals in commercial beverages.
- 1Analytical Chemistry and Sustainability Trends Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Dien Hong Ward Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam [email protected].
- 2Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Xuan Ward Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.
- 3Institute of Advanced Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 01B TL29 Street, An Phu Dong Ward Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.
Abstract
While certain transition metals are biologically essential at ultra-trace concentrations, the persistent presence of non-essential heavy metals poses severe risks to human health due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. Accurate monitoring in commercial beverages is mandatory to ensure compliance with international safety standards but is frequently hampered by complex matrices containing high levels of organic acids and sugars. This study presents a comprehensive framework, ranging from the multi-objective optimization of carboxylated cellulose synthesis to its application in dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) for the trace determination of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Pb²⁺ in commercial beverages. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a multi-target optimization scheme established the precise equilibrium between functionalization efficiency and structural preservation. For the d-SPE process, systematic evaluation determined that a pH of 8.0, 50.0 mg of adsorbent, and 30 seconds of ultrasonic dispersion provided the ideal conditions for simultaneous metal recovery. The method utilized a preconcentration step to bridge the sensitivity gap for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis via rapid desorption with 0.2 M HNO₃. Validation conducted according to AOAC and ICH guidelines demonstrated excellent performance in both bottled mineral water and canned fruit juice matrices. Across spiking levels of 30.0 and 60.0 µg L⁻¹, average recoveries consistently fell within the 80-110% range. Notably, the method remained robust in fruit juice samples despite high organic content, maintaining stable recoveries for all target analytes and effectively mitigating matrix-induced interferences. These results underscore the stability of optimized functionalized cellulose as an eco-friendly and efficient d-SPE sorbent for routine trace metal monitoring in commercial food products.
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BibTeX
@article{dinh2026response,
title = {{Response surface methodology-optimized mildly carboxylated cellulose for dispersive solid-phase extraction and trace determination of heavy metals in commercial beverages.}},
author = {Tuan-Hoang Dinh and Quoc-Khanh Le-Nguyen and Phuoc-Tai Le and Thi-Kim-Hoang Le and Thanh-Binh Huynh and Long Q Nguyen and Tri Nguyen and Trung Dang-Bao},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra05769a},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898748},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Response surface methodology-optimized mildly carboxylated cellulose for dispersive solid-phase extraction and trace determination of heavy metals in commercial beverages.
AU - Tuan-Hoang Dinh
AU - Quoc-Khanh Le-Nguyen
AU - Phuoc-Tai Le
AU - Thi-Kim-Hoang Le
AU - Thanh-Binh Huynh
AU - Long Q Nguyen
AU - Tri Nguyen
AU - Trung Dang-Bao
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/19
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra05769a
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898748
AB - While certain transition metals are biologically essential at ultra-trace concentrations, the persistent presence of non-essential heavy metals poses severe risks to human health due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. Accurate monitoring in commercial beverages is mandatory to ensure compliance with international safety standards but is frequently hampered by complex matrices containing high levels of organic acids and sugars. This study presents a comprehensive framework, ranging from the multi-objective optimization of carboxylated cellulose synthesis to its application in dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) for the trace determination of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Pb²⁺ in commercial beverages. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a multi-target optimization scheme established the precise equilibrium between functionalization efficiency and structural preservation. For the d-SPE process, systematic evaluation determined that a pH of 8.0, 50.0 mg of adsorbent, and 30 seconds of ultrasonic dispersion provided the ideal conditions for simultaneous metal recovery. The method utilized a preconcentration step to bridge the sensitivity gap for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis via rapid desorption with 0.2 M HNO₃. Validation conducted according to AOAC and ICH guidelines demonstrated excellent performance in both bottled mineral water and canned fruit juice matrices. Across spiking levels of 30.0 and 60.0 µg L⁻¹, average recoveries consistently fell within the 80-110% range. Notably, the method remained robust in fruit juice samples despite high organic content, maintaining stable recoveries for all target analytes and effectively mitigating matrix-induced interferences. These results underscore the stability of optimized functionalized cellulose as an eco-friendly and efficient d-SPE sorbent for routine trace metal monitoring in commercial food products.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -