Withdrawal latency in a human hot plate analog tracks inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity

Abstract

Pain research relies mainly on self-report in humans and nocifensive behavior in animals. This asymmetry limits cross-species translation and neglects movement as integral to human pain responses. We therefore developed a human analog of the rodent hot plate test and tested whether temporal and kinematic features of nocifensive withdrawal can capture inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity. Ninety-one healthy participants rested their forearm on a thermode that rapidly heated to and held a fixed noxious temperature (46 {degrees}C or 48 {degrees}C) and were instructed to withdraw once the percept reached their pain threshold or tolerance. From wrist accelerometry, we extracted withdrawal latency and peak acceleration, an index of withdrawal vigor, and related both to pain intensity ratings from a separate, temperature-matched task and to calibrated pain sensitivity. Participants withdrew earlier and with higher peak acceleration at 48 {degrees}C than at 46 {degrees}C. Crucially, withdrawal latency tracked inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity: Participants who withdrew earlier reported higher pain in the separate task (48 {degrees}C: r = -.47 and -.50) and showed lower pain thresholds and higher suprathreshold sensitivity during calibration. In contrast, withdrawal vigor showed no such relationship, despite high reliability. Withdrawal latency can thus serve as a behavioral readout of inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity, whereas vigor might reflect intra-individual motor scaling with stimulus intensity. By separating the decision to withdraw from its motor execution, this paradigm offers a behavioral complement to traditional self-report and provides a translational link between human and preclinical pain assays.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{keuter2026withdrawal,
  title = {{Withdrawal latency in a human hot plate analog tracks inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity}},
  author = {L. Keuter and O. Goltermann and J. Jessberger and L. Asan and C. Büchel},
  howpublished = {bioRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.64898/2026.10.16.759590},
  url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.16.759590v1},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Withdrawal latency in a human hot plate analog tracks inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity
AU  - L. Keuter
AU  - O. Goltermann
AU  - J. Jessberger
AU  - L. Asan
AU  - C. Büchel
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/16
PB  - bioRxiv
DO  - 10.64898/2026.10.16.759590
UR  - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.16.759590v1
AB  - Pain research relies mainly on self-report in humans and nocifensive behavior in animals. This asymmetry limits cross-species translation and neglects movement as integral to human pain responses. We therefore developed a human analog of the rodent hot plate test and tested whether temporal and kinematic features of nocifensive withdrawal can capture inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity. Ninety-one healthy participants rested their forearm on a thermode that rapidly heated to and held a fixed noxious temperature (46 {degrees}C or 48 {degrees}C) and were instructed to withdraw once the percept reached their pain threshold or tolerance. From wrist accelerometry, we extracted withdrawal latency and peak acceleration, an index of withdrawal vigor, and related both to pain intensity ratings from a separate, temperature-matched task and to calibrated pain sensitivity. Participants withdrew earlier and with higher peak acceleration at 48 {degrees}C than at 46 {degrees}C. Crucially, withdrawal latency tracked inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity: Participants who withdrew earlier reported higher pain in the separate task (48 {degrees}C: r = -.47 and -.50) and showed lower pain thresholds and higher suprathreshold sensitivity during calibration. In contrast, withdrawal vigor showed no such relationship, despite high reliability. Withdrawal latency can thus serve as a behavioral readout of inter-individual differences in pain sensitivity, whereas vigor might reflect intra-individual motor scaling with stimulus intensity. By separating the decision to withdraw from its motor execution, this paradigm offers a behavioral complement to traditional self-report and provides a translational link between human and preclinical pain assays.
ER  -

Abstract

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