Effect of Surface Treatment Protocols on Nanoindentation-Derived Mechanical Properties and Wettability of Hybrid CAD/CAM Materials.
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- 2Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dentistry Clinic of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dentistry, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
- 3Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- 4Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
- 5Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hybrid CAD/CAM materials combine ceramic and polymeric phases, so conditioning protocols developed for glass-ceramics may not transfer to them. Because wettability and near-surface mechanics are usually studied separately, this study measured both to test whether conditioning trades one for the other. Methods: Edelweiss C-Block, Lava Ultimate, Vita Enamic and Cerasmart 270 specimens were left untreated or treated with 9% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 60 s, sandblasting (50 µm Al₂O₃, 1 bar) or silane. Static water contact angle (sessile drop; 90 readings per group) and hardness, elastic modulus and maximum penetration depth (nanoindentation at 30 mN, Oliver-Pharr; 17-25 valid indentations per group) were compared with controls using Welch's t-tests with Holm correction. Results: Control contact angles (45.1-60.4°) fell to 6.3-18.1° after sandblasting and 8.8-32.5° after silanization; HF lowered them to 17.9-38.0° in three materials but raised Lava Ultimate's from 48.4° to 58.1°. Sandblasting caused the largest mechanical losses in every material (hardness reduced by >90%, penetration depth up to 7.9-fold); HF reduced hardness by 58-98%. Silanization preserved 93-97% of control hardness in Lava Ultimate and Cerasmart 270 and gave Vita Enamic its lowest contact angle. Conclusions: Improved wettability and preserved near-surface mechanics were not mutually exclusive, and responses depended on microstructure. Bond strength was not measured, so these findings should guide, not replace, bonding studies.
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BibTeX
@article{todorovic2026effect,
title = {{Effect of Surface Treatment Protocols on Nanoindentation-Derived Mechanical Properties and Wettability of Hybrid CAD/CAM Materials.}},
author = {Miloš Todorović and Bojan Petrović and Stefan Vulović and Nastasija Malivuk and Sanja Kojić and Milan Simić and Dejan Marković},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/dj14100650},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930416},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Effect of Surface Treatment Protocols on Nanoindentation-Derived Mechanical Properties and Wettability of Hybrid CAD/CAM Materials.
AU - Miloš Todorović
AU - Bojan Petrović
AU - Stefan Vulović
AU - Nastasija Malivuk
AU - Sanja Kojić
AU - Milan Simić
AU - Dejan Marković
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
JO - Dentistry journal
DO - 10.3390/dj14100650
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930416
AB - Background/Objectives: Hybrid CAD/CAM materials combine ceramic and polymeric phases, so conditioning protocols developed for glass-ceramics may not transfer to them. Because wettability and near-surface mechanics are usually studied separately, this study measured both to test whether conditioning trades one for the other. Methods: Edelweiss C-Block, Lava Ultimate, Vita Enamic and Cerasmart 270 specimens were left untreated or treated with 9% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 60 s, sandblasting (50 µm Al₂O₃, 1 bar) or silane. Static water contact angle (sessile drop; 90 readings per group) and hardness, elastic modulus and maximum penetration depth (nanoindentation at 30 mN, Oliver-Pharr; 17-25 valid indentations per group) were compared with controls using Welch's t-tests with Holm correction. Results: Control contact angles (45.1-60.4°) fell to 6.3-18.1° after sandblasting and 8.8-32.5° after silanization; HF lowered them to 17.9-38.0° in three materials but raised Lava Ultimate's from 48.4° to 58.1°. Sandblasting caused the largest mechanical losses in every material (hardness reduced by >90%, penetration depth up to 7.9-fold); HF reduced hardness by 58-98%. Silanization preserved 93-97% of control hardness in Lava Ultimate and Cerasmart 270 and gave Vita Enamic its lowest contact angle. Conclusions: Improved wettability and preserved near-surface mechanics were not mutually exclusive, and responses depended on microstructure. Bond strength was not measured, so these findings should guide, not replace, bonding studies.
SN - 2304-6767
ER -