Sensitivity evaluation and multi-omics analysis of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations to emamectin benzoate in Shandong province field
7 affiliations
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University
- 2Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University
- 3College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University
- 4College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University
- 5Forestry Development Center of Wendeng District
- 6Zhifu District Forest Fire Prevention and Protection Support Service Center
- 7Culai Forest Farm of Shandong Province
Abstract
Pine trees provide substantial ecological and economic benefits worldwide, including water conservation, timber production, and carbon sequestration. However, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , as the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), results in extensive pine mortality annually, posing a serious threat to global pine resources and environmental security. Currently, chemical control remains the primary strategy for managing PWD. In Shandong Province, emamectin benzoate (EB) is the main nematicide for trunk injection. Nevertheless, long-term use of a single compound carries a high risk of resistance development. In this study, the sensitivity of 15 B. xylophilus strains from different regions of Shandong Province to EB was evaluated. The highest and lowest LC ₅₀ values were observed in the PL (320.99 μg•mL ⁻¹ ) and CD strains (114.63 μg•mL ⁻¹ ), respectively, yielding a resistance ratio (PL vs CD) of 2.8 < 5, indicating that EB resistance may not have developed in the B. xylophilus populations in Shandong. After EB treatment, the PL strain exhibited significantly higher detoxification enzyme activities and lower accumulation of toxic aldehydes than the CD strain. Multi-omics analysis was further performed to explore the molecular basis for the different sensitivity, leading to the identification of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and BX03G0588 as the potentially responsive pathway and candidate gene, respectively. Following ds0588 treatment, the sensitivity of the PL strain to EB was significantly enhanced, confirming the function of BX03G0588 relating to the sensitivity of nematode. This study provided new insights into the development of resistance and sustainable management strategies against PWD.
Related
- Sister species, shared and divergent responses: early transcriptomic profiling of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus exposed to Esteya spp.
- Multi-omics analysis of Bacillus-associated suppression of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease symptoms and candidate defense responses in Pinus thunbergii
- Genome-wide evidence for cryptic multi-generational introgression between invasive Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and native B. mucronatus
- Acute or Developmental Exposure of Primary Rat Cortical Cells to Emamectin Benzoate Disrupts Gene Expression
- Migration Genealogies in Multiregional Stable Populations: First-Return Decompositions, Recurrence, and Sensitivity
BibTeX
@article{ju2026sensitivity,
title = {{Sensitivity evaluation and multi-omics analysis of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations to emamectin benzoate in Shandong province field}},
author = {Kunyang Ju and Zhifan Ma and Shuhan Guo and Yuke Wang and Shengnan Dong and Gengwu Sun and Yilin Wang and Jinzhu Zheng and Huixiang Liu},
journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2026.1894612},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1894612/full},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Sensitivity evaluation and multi-omics analysis of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations to emamectin benzoate in Shandong province field
AU - Kunyang Ju
AU - Zhifan Ma
AU - Shuhan Guo
AU - Yuke Wang
AU - Shengnan Dong
AU - Gengwu Sun
AU - Yilin Wang
AU - Jinzhu Zheng
AU - Huixiang Liu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - Frontiers in Plant Science
DO - 10.3389/fpls.2026.1894612
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1894612/full
AB - Pine trees provide substantial ecological and economic benefits worldwide, including water conservation, timber production, and carbon sequestration. However, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , as the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), results in extensive pine mortality annually, posing a serious threat to global pine resources and environmental security. Currently, chemical control remains the primary strategy for managing PWD. In Shandong Province, emamectin benzoate (EB) is the main nematicide for trunk injection. Nevertheless, long-term use of a single compound carries a high risk of resistance development. In this study, the sensitivity of 15 B. xylophilus strains from different regions of Shandong Province to EB was evaluated. The highest and lowest LC ₅₀ values were observed in the PL (320.99 μg•mL ⁻¹ ) and CD strains (114.63 μg•mL ⁻¹ ), respectively, yielding a resistance ratio (PL vs CD) of 2.8 < 5, indicating that EB resistance may not have developed in the B. xylophilus populations in Shandong. After EB treatment, the PL strain exhibited significantly higher detoxification enzyme activities and lower accumulation of toxic aldehydes than the CD strain. Multi-omics analysis was further performed to explore the molecular basis for the different sensitivity, leading to the identification of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and BX03G0588 as the potentially responsive pathway and candidate gene, respectively. Following ds0588 treatment, the sensitivity of the PL strain to EB was significantly enhanced, confirming the function of BX03G0588 relating to the sensitivity of nematode. This study provided new insights into the development of resistance and sustainable management strategies against PWD.
SN - 1664-462X
ER -