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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

The Rhizobial Type III Effector NopD Regulates the GmPP2C-ENOD93 Axis to Control Symbiotic Nodulation and Yield in Soybean

  • Liang Mi1
  • Liying Lu1
  • Jiake Sun1
  • Yansong Li2
  • Chao Ma1
  • Shengnan Ma3
  • Mingliang Yang1
  • Siyan Hong1
  • Miao Wang1
  • Lin Chen4
  • Chunyan Liu1
  • Dawei Xin1,5
2 more authors
  • Qingshan Chen1
  • Jinhui Wang1
5 affiliations
  1. 1National Key Laboratory of Smart Farm Technology and System, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  2. 2Heihe Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heihe, Heilongjiang 164300, China
  3. 3Crop Development Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin 150038, China
  4. 4Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
  5. 5Collaborative Innovation Center of Soybean Biotechnology and Nutritional Efficiency, Kaifeng 475001, China
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Abstract

Type III effector proteins (T3Es) are pivotal orchestrators of host-microbe interactions and essential for establishing symbiosis, thereby influencing soybean growth and productivity through modulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). While the central role of the T3E NopD in soybean SNF is recognized, its mechanistic underpinnings have remained elusive. In this study, we determined that GmPP2C, whose expression is regulated by NopD, serves as a regulator of nodulation. Overexpression of GmPP2C suppressed infection-thread formation and markedly reduced nodule number, whereas CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption enhanced infection events and partially rescued nodulation defects of NopD deficiency. Transcriptome profiling and complementation assays indicate GmPP2C inhibits nodulation by repressing ENOD93. Loss of GmPP2C increased per-plant yield without altering plant architecture or seed quality. These findings delineate the NopD-GmPP2C-ENOD93 regulatory module governing soybean nodulation and pinpoint GmPP2C as a compelling target for molecular breeding to enhance nitrogen-fixation efficiency and bolster crop yields.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{mi2026rhizobial,
  title = {{The Rhizobial Type III Effector NopD Regulates the GmPP2C-ENOD93 Axis to Control Symbiotic Nodulation and Yield in Soybean}},
  author = {Liang Mi and Liying Lu and Jiake Sun and Yansong Li and Chao Ma and Shengnan Ma and Mingliang Yang and Siyan Hong and Miao Wang and Lin Chen and Chunyan Liu and Dawei Xin and Qingshan Chen and Jinhui Wang},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.6c07326},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c07326},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Rhizobial Type III Effector NopD Regulates the GmPP2C-ENOD93 Axis to Control Symbiotic Nodulation and Yield in Soybean
AU  - Liang Mi
AU  - Liying Lu
AU  - Jiake Sun
AU  - Yansong Li
AU  - Chao Ma
AU  - Shengnan Ma
AU  - Mingliang Yang
AU  - Siyan Hong
AU  - Miao Wang
AU  - Lin Chen
AU  - Chunyan Liu
AU  - Dawei Xin
AU  - Qingshan Chen
AU  - Jinhui Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/15
JO  - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
DO  - 10.1021/acs.jafc.6c07326
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c07326
AB  - Type III effector proteins (T3Es) are pivotal orchestrators of host-microbe interactions and essential for establishing symbiosis, thereby influencing soybean growth and productivity through modulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). While the central role of the T3E NopD in soybean SNF is recognized, its mechanistic underpinnings have remained elusive. In this study, we determined that GmPP2C, whose expression is regulated by NopD, serves as a regulator of nodulation. Overexpression of GmPP2C suppressed infection-thread formation and markedly reduced nodule number, whereas CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption enhanced infection events and partially rescued nodulation defects of NopD deficiency. Transcriptome profiling and complementation assays indicate GmPP2C inhibits nodulation by repressing ENOD93. Loss of GmPP2C increased per-plant yield without altering plant architecture or seed quality. These findings delineate the NopD-GmPP2C-ENOD93 regulatory module governing soybean nodulation and pinpoint GmPP2C as a compelling target for molecular breeding to enhance nitrogen-fixation efficiency and bolster crop yields.
SN  - 0021-8561
SN  - 1520-5118
ER  -