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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology-Enabled Vaccines for Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV, and Dengue: Translational Evidence and Implementation in the Global South

  • Abdelrahman Mohamed1
  • Ahmed Khairy2
  • Mina Nageh3
  • Ahmed Mohamed1
  • Mohamed Hemida4
  • Marium Aisha5
  • Mahdi Ahmed6
  • Lindsey Dixon7
  • Yossef Alnasser5
7 affiliations
  1. 1Faculty of Medicine, Capital University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
  2. 2Alexandria School of Medicine, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
  3. 3Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
  4. 4Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
  5. 5Department of Pediatrics, BronxCare Health System, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10457, USA
  6. 6Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
  7. 7American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten
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Abstract

Nanoscale materials can support vaccine delivery, antigen display and immune stimulation, but successful platform function or enhanced immunogenicity does not necessarily establish meaningful or durable clinical protection. This narrative review examines evidence published from January 2016 through April 2026, with selected foundational studies, for nanotechnology-enabled vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and dengue, focusing on their relevance to the Global South. These diseases were selected for their substantial public-health burden, distinct biological barriers to vaccination and contrasting stages of translational development, enabling comparison across preclinical research, human immunogenicity, clinical efficacy and implementation evidence. The synthesis distinguishes the functional contribution of nanoscale carriers, antigen-display scaffolds and adjuvants from the performance of complete vaccine formulations. Malaria has the most advanced clinical and implementation evidence among the reviewed platforms. Tuberculosis has disease-prevention evidence in a defined infected adult population, and HIV and dengue platforms remain predominantly at preclinical or early clinical stages. Clinical efficacy of a nano-enabled formulation does not, by itself, quantify the incremental benefit attributable to its nanoscale component. Across diseases, translational value depends on antigen suitability, disease-relevant immune function, durability, formulation-specific safety and applicability to the intended population. Evidence from selected trial cohorts cannot automatically be generalized across heterogeneous Global South settings. Manufacturing readiness, storage requirements, affordable complete schedules, regulatory capacity and equitable access must therefore be assessed alongside biological performance. The review identifies where links between platform function, clinical benefit and feasible implementation are supported and where they remain unestablished.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{mohamed2026nanotechnologyenabled,
  title = {{Nanotechnology-Enabled Vaccines for Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV, and Dengue: Translational Evidence and Implementation in the Global South}},
  author = {Abdelrahman Mohamed and Ahmed Khairy and Mina Nageh and Ahmed Mohamed and Mohamed Hemida and Marium Aisha and Mahdi Ahmed and Lindsey Dixon and Yossef Alnasser},
  journal = {Nanomaterials},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nano16201326},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/20/1326},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Nanotechnology-Enabled Vaccines for Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV, and Dengue: Translational Evidence and Implementation in the Global South
AU  - Abdelrahman Mohamed
AU  - Ahmed Khairy
AU  - Mina Nageh
AU  - Ahmed Mohamed
AU  - Mohamed Hemida
AU  - Marium Aisha
AU  - Mahdi Ahmed
AU  - Lindsey Dixon
AU  - Yossef Alnasser
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/20
JO  - Nanomaterials
DO  - 10.3390/nano16201326
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/20/1326
AB  - Nanoscale materials can support vaccine delivery, antigen display and immune stimulation, but successful platform function or enhanced immunogenicity does not necessarily establish meaningful or durable clinical protection. This narrative review examines evidence published from January 2016 through April 2026, with selected foundational studies, for nanotechnology-enabled vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and dengue, focusing on their relevance to the Global South. These diseases were selected for their substantial public-health burden, distinct biological barriers to vaccination and contrasting stages of translational development, enabling comparison across preclinical research, human immunogenicity, clinical efficacy and implementation evidence. The synthesis distinguishes the functional contribution of nanoscale carriers, antigen-display scaffolds and adjuvants from the performance of complete vaccine formulations. Malaria has the most advanced clinical and implementation evidence among the reviewed platforms. Tuberculosis has disease-prevention evidence in a defined infected adult population, and HIV and dengue platforms remain predominantly at preclinical or early clinical stages. Clinical efficacy of a nano-enabled formulation does not, by itself, quantify the incremental benefit attributable to its nanoscale component. Across diseases, translational value depends on antigen suitability, disease-relevant immune function, durability, formulation-specific safety and applicability to the intended population. Evidence from selected trial cohorts cannot automatically be generalized across heterogeneous Global South settings. Manufacturing readiness, storage requirements, affordable complete schedules, regulatory capacity and equitable access must therefore be assessed alongside biological performance. The review identifies where links between platform function, clinical benefit and feasible implementation are supported and where they remain unestablished.
SN  - 2079-4991
ER  -