Locomotor-State Dependence of Neuromodulation During Avian Free Flight.
- 1School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- 2Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
Abstract
Complex avian locomotor behaviors depend on the coordinated operation of neural processes involved in sensory perception, decision-making, and motor execution. Exogenous neural stimulation can alter motor output by intervening in neural processes, but its effects may depend on the current locomotor state. Here, we investigated the locomotor-state dependence of formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali (FRM) microstimulation in freely flying pigeons. Individualized stimulation parameters were screened under stable laboratory conditions and kept constant during free-flight experiments. Flight-state features before and during stimulation were extracted, and state-response models were constructed to quantify their associations with stimulation-evoked turning responses. Results showed that flight state during stimulation was more closely associated with turning responses than pre-stimulation state, with acceleration during stimulation making the largest contribution. When acceleration during stimulation was above the individual mean, turning-response dispersion decreased by 32.92%. In addition, pre-stimulation angular velocity was positively associated with acceleration during stimulation, indicating that the pre-stimulation locomotor state contains information related to the consistency of subsequent stimulation-evoked responses. These findings demonstrate that the effects of FRM microstimulation are locomotor-state dependent and provide a basis for identifying appropriate neuromodulation timing and improving response stability under complex locomotor conditions.
Related
- Cerebellar activity is triggered by reach endpoint during learning of a complex locomotor task
- Just-in-Time Neuromodulation: A Precision, State-Dependent Paradigm for On-Demand Brain Intervention
- Perceptual sensitivity supports online control, while perceptual errors drive motor memory formation during locomotor adaptation
- A high-dimensional population code in the bat motor cortex during natural dexterous flight
- Serial dependence in haptic perception during active manual exploration.
BibTeX
@article{tang2026locomotorstate,
title = {{Locomotor-State Dependence of Neuromodulation During Avian Free Flight.}},
author = {Zhuo Tang and Suchen Li and Mengmeng Li and Zhigang Shang},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ani16203213},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939144},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Locomotor-State Dependence of Neuromodulation During Avian Free Flight.
AU - Zhuo Tang
AU - Suchen Li
AU - Mengmeng Li
AU - Zhigang Shang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/13
JO - Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
DO - 10.3390/ani16203213
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939144
AB - Complex avian locomotor behaviors depend on the coordinated operation of neural processes involved in sensory perception, decision-making, and motor execution. Exogenous neural stimulation can alter motor output by intervening in neural processes, but its effects may depend on the current locomotor state. Here, we investigated the locomotor-state dependence of formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali (FRM) microstimulation in freely flying pigeons. Individualized stimulation parameters were screened under stable laboratory conditions and kept constant during free-flight experiments. Flight-state features before and during stimulation were extracted, and state-response models were constructed to quantify their associations with stimulation-evoked turning responses. Results showed that flight state during stimulation was more closely associated with turning responses than pre-stimulation state, with acceleration during stimulation making the largest contribution. When acceleration during stimulation was above the individual mean, turning-response dispersion decreased by 32.92%. In addition, pre-stimulation angular velocity was positively associated with acceleration during stimulation, indicating that the pre-stimulation locomotor state contains information related to the consistency of subsequent stimulation-evoked responses. These findings demonstrate that the effects of FRM microstimulation are locomotor-state dependent and provide a basis for identifying appropriate neuromodulation timing and improving response stability under complex locomotor conditions.
SN - 2076-2615
ER -