Acute effects of bench press conditioning performed with different velocity-loss thresholds on punch performance in elite adolescent boxers.
8 affiliations
- 1School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.
- 2School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
- 3School of Arts and Sciences, Fuyao University of Science and Technology, Fujian, Fuzhou, China.
- 4School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China.
- 5Beijing Navigation School, Beijing, China.
- 6Postgraduate Department, Belarusian State University of Physical Culture, Minsk, Belarus.
- 7China Wushu School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
- 8Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Abstract
Background
Velocity-loss (VL) thresholds may help regulate the balance between potentiation and fatigue during post-activation performance enhancement protocols; however, their effects on boxing-specific performance remain unclear. This study investigated the acute effects of bench press conditioning regulated by different VL thresholds on straight-punch performance in adolescent boxers.Methods
Eighteen male boxers (17.6 ± 0.7 years) completed four conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design: an active control condition (CON; two sets of 10 bench press repetitions using a habitual warm-up load below 30% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and three VL conditions consisting of two sets of bench press at 85% 1RM terminated at 10% (VL10%), 20% (VL20%), or 30% (VL30%) velocity loss. Lead- and rear-hand peak punch velocity (PPV), peak punch force (PPF), and an estimated peak punch-power index (PPP) were assessed at baseline and 4, 8, 12, and 16 min after conditioning. Outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, followed by Dunnett-adjusted comparisons of each VL condition with CON. Additional Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons were performed among VL10%, VL20%, and VL30%.Results
Significant condition × time interactions were observed for rear-hand PPV, lead- and rear-hand PPF, and lead- and rear-hand PPP (all p ≤ 0.046), but not for lead-hand PPV (p = 0.391). At 8 and 12 min, VL10% and VL20% produced higher rear-hand PPV, PPF, and PPP and higher lead-hand PPP than CON (p ≤ 0.039; Hedges' g = 0.835-1.267). In contrast, VL30% produced lower rear-hand PPV, lead- and rear-hand PPF, and rear-hand PPP than CON at 4 min and remained lower for selected outcomes at 8-12 min (p ≤ 0.046; g = -2.439 to -0.814). Direct VL comparisons showed no significant differences between VL10% and VL20%, whereas both conditions produced higher values than VL30% for several outcomes at selected time points (p ≤ 0.045). Most between-condition differences were no longer evident at 16 min.Conclusion
Under the present protocol in the 18 male adolescent boxers studied, VL10% and VL20% were associated with favorable differences in several punch-performance outcomes after 8-12 min of recovery, whereas VL30% was associated with lower performance during the earlier recovery period. Direct comparisons showed no significant differences between VL10% and VL20%, whereas both conditions produced higher values than VL30% for several outcomes at selected time points. However, because repetition volume was not matched, these findings do not isolate the effect of VL threshold or establish an optimal threshold.
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BibTeX
@article{diao2026acute,
title = {{Acute effects of bench press conditioning performed with different velocity-loss thresholds on punch performance in elite adolescent boxers.}},
author = {Penglin Diao and Jinxuan Bao and Xiaoyu Liu and Zhaoqian Li and Yunsong Liu and Xundian Liu and Yayi Jiang and Yinkai Zhang and Ziyu Wang},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fphys.2026.1973551},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952512},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Acute effects of bench press conditioning performed with different velocity-loss thresholds on punch performance in elite adolescent boxers.
AU - Penglin Diao
AU - Jinxuan Bao
AU - Xiaoyu Liu
AU - Zhaoqian Li
AU - Yunsong Liu
AU - Xundian Liu
AU - Yayi Jiang
AU - Yinkai Zhang
AU - Ziyu Wang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - Frontiers in physiology
DO - 10.3389/fphys.2026.1973551
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952512
AB - Background Velocity-loss (VL) thresholds may help regulate the balance between potentiation and fatigue during post-activation performance enhancement protocols; however, their effects on boxing-specific performance remain unclear. This study investigated the acute effects of bench press conditioning regulated by different VL thresholds on straight-punch performance in adolescent boxers.Methods Eighteen male boxers (17.6 ± 0.7 years) completed four conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design: an active control condition (CON; two sets of 10 bench press repetitions using a habitual warm-up load below 30% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and three VL conditions consisting of two sets of bench press at 85% 1RM terminated at 10% (VL10%), 20% (VL20%), or 30% (VL30%) velocity loss. Lead- and rear-hand peak punch velocity (PPV), peak punch force (PPF), and an estimated peak punch-power index (PPP) were assessed at baseline and 4, 8, 12, and 16 min after conditioning. Outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, followed by Dunnett-adjusted comparisons of each VL condition with CON. Additional Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons were performed among VL10%, VL20%, and VL30%.Results Significant condition × time interactions were observed for rear-hand PPV, lead- and rear-hand PPF, and lead- and rear-hand PPP (all p ≤ 0.046), but not for lead-hand PPV (p = 0.391). At 8 and 12 min, VL10% and VL20% produced higher rear-hand PPV, PPF, and PPP and higher lead-hand PPP than CON (p ≤ 0.039; Hedges' g = 0.835-1.267). In contrast, VL30% produced lower rear-hand PPV, lead- and rear-hand PPF, and rear-hand PPP than CON at 4 min and remained lower for selected outcomes at 8-12 min (p ≤ 0.046; g = -2.439 to -0.814). Direct VL comparisons showed no significant differences between VL10% and VL20%, whereas both conditions produced higher values than VL30% for several outcomes at selected time points (p ≤ 0.045). Most between-condition differences were no longer evident at 16 min.Conclusion Under the present protocol in the 18 male adolescent boxers studied, VL10% and VL20% were associated with favorable differences in several punch-performance outcomes after 8-12 min of recovery, whereas VL30% was associated with lower performance during the earlier recovery period. Direct comparisons showed no significant differences between VL10% and VL20%, whereas both conditions produced higher values than VL30% for several outcomes at selected time points. However, because repetition volume was not matched, these findings do not isolate the effect of VL threshold or establish an optimal threshold.
SN - 1664-042X
ER -