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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC 4.0Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care

Depression in People With HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Four African Countries

  • Paul Adjei1
  • Kartavya J. Vyas1,2
  • Sarah Moreland1,2
  • Julius L. Tonzel1,2
  • Seth Frndak1,2
  • Roger Ying1,2
  • Nicole Dear1,2
  • Allahna Esber1,2
  • Hannah Kibuuka3
  • Jonah Maswai4,5
  • John Owuoth6,7
  • Valentine Sing’oei6,7
9 more authors
  • Reginald Gervas8,9
  • Zahra Parker2,10
  • Badryah Omar1,2
  • Emma R. Duff1,2
  • Ajay P. Parikh1,2
  • Jaclyn Hern1,2
  • Neha Shah1
  • Julie A. Ake1
  • Trevor A. Crowell1,2
10 affiliations
  1. 1U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
  2. 2Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
  3. 3Makerere University Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda
  4. 4U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Africa, Kericho, Kenya
  5. 5HJF Medical Research International, Kericho, Kenya
  6. 6U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
  7. 7HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu, Kenya
  8. 8U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Africa, Mbeya, Tanzania
  9. 9HJF Medical Research International, Mbeya, Tanzania
  10. 10U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Africa, Lagos, Nigeria
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Abstract

Background: People with HIV (PWH) may be vulnerable to worsening mental health during disease outbreaks. The African Cohort Study enrolls PWH in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria.

Methods: Every six months, participants completed physical evaluations, medical record abstraction, and questionnaires including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations estimated adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with a positive depression screen.

Results: Among 2,067 participants, a positive depression screen was observed at 3.0% of visits pre-COVID-19 and peaked at 5.1% during the Delta surge. Participants who screened for depression were more likely to be aged ≥50 years and female. After adjustment, only the Delta surge was associated with a near-two-fold increased odds of a positive depression screen compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms among PWH increased early in the pandemic. Mental health support for PWH should be prioritized during disease outbreaks.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{adjei2026depression,
  title = {{Depression in People With HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Four African Countries}},
  author = {Paul Adjei and Kartavya J. Vyas and Sarah Moreland and Julius L. Tonzel and Seth Frndak and Roger Ying and Nicole Dear and Allahna Esber and Hannah Kibuuka and Jonah Maswai and John Owuoth and Valentine Sing’oei and Reginald Gervas and Zahra Parker and Badryah Omar and Emma R. Duff and Ajay P. Parikh and Jaclyn Hern and Neha Shah and Julie A. Ake and Trevor A. Crowell},
  journal = {Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1177/23259582261482039},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/23259582261482039},
  note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Depression in People With HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Four African Countries
AU  - Paul Adjei
AU  - Kartavya J. Vyas
AU  - Sarah Moreland
AU  - Julius L. Tonzel
AU  - Seth Frndak
AU  - Roger Ying
AU  - Nicole Dear
AU  - Allahna Esber
AU  - Hannah Kibuuka
AU  - Jonah Maswai
AU  - John Owuoth
AU  - Valentine Sing’oei
AU  - Reginald Gervas
AU  - Zahra Parker
AU  - Badryah Omar
AU  - Emma R. Duff
AU  - Ajay P. Parikh
AU  - Jaclyn Hern
AU  - Neha Shah
AU  - Julie A. Ake
AU  - Trevor A. Crowell
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
DO  - 10.1177/23259582261482039
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1177/23259582261482039
AB  - Background: People with HIV (PWH) may be vulnerable to worsening mental health during disease outbreaks. The African Cohort Study enrolls PWH in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria.  Methods: Every six months, participants completed physical evaluations, medical record abstraction, and questionnaires including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations estimated adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with a positive depression screen.  Results: Among 2,067 participants, a positive depression screen was observed at 3.0% of visits pre-COVID-19 and peaked at 5.1% during the Delta surge. Participants who screened for depression were more likely to be aged ≥50 years and female. After adjustment, only the Delta surge was associated with a near-two-fold increased odds of a positive depression screen compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms among PWH increased early in the pandemic. Mental health support for PWH should be prioritized during disease outbreaks.
SN  - 2325-9574
SN  - 2325-9582
ER  -