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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Reproductive Medicine and Biology

Association Between Hydrosalpinx and Detection of Gram‐Positive Anaerobic Cocci in the Endometrial Microbiota: A Single‐Center Retrospective Observational Study

  • Ryota Okamoto1
  • Noritoshi Enatsu1
  • Hiroaki Shibahara1
  • Shoji Kokeguchi1
  • Masahide Shiotani1
  1. 1Hanabusa Women's Clinic Kobe Hyogo Japan
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Abstract

Purpose: To investigate whether hydrosalpinx is associated with alterations in the endometrial microbiota and detection of gram‐positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC)‐associated genera.

Methods: This single‐center retrospective observational study included 236 patients who underwent endometrial microbiota testing by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing: 90 with untreated hydrosalpinx diagnosed by hysterosalpingography and 146 without hydrosalpinx. GPAC positivity was defined as detection of at least one of Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Peptoniphilus, Peptostreptococcus, or Parvimonas. Logistic regression was adjusted for age, antibiotic use within 3 months, and luteal‐phase sampling. False discovery rate adjustment was applied across four exploratory microbiota outcomes.

Results: GPAC‐associated genera were detected in 23/90 patients (25.6%) with hydrosalpinx and 19/146 (13.0%) without hydrosalpinx. Hydrosalpinx was nominally associated with GPAC detection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–4.38; p = 0.025), but not after false discovery rate adjustment (q = 0.101). No clear associations were observed for the other microbiota outcomes. Similar estimates were obtained after additional adjustment for recurrent implantation failure and in post hoc sensitivity analyses using alternative GPAC definitions.

Conclusion: Hydrosalpinx was associated with more frequent detection of GPAC‐associated genera in exploratory analyses. This finding should be considered hypothesis‐generating rather than confirmatory and requires independent prospective validation.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{okamoto2026association,
  title = {{Association Between Hydrosalpinx and Detection of Gram‐Positive Anaerobic Cocci in the Endometrial Microbiota: A Single‐Center Retrospective Observational Study}},
  author = {Ryota Okamoto and Noritoshi Enatsu and Hiroaki Shibahara and Shoji Kokeguchi and Masahide Shiotani},
  journal = {Reproductive Medicine and Biology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1002/rmb2.70109},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.70109},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Association Between Hydrosalpinx and Detection of Gram‐Positive Anaerobic Cocci in the Endometrial Microbiota: A Single‐Center Retrospective Observational Study
AU  - Ryota Okamoto
AU  - Noritoshi Enatsu
AU  - Hiroaki Shibahara
AU  - Shoji Kokeguchi
AU  - Masahide Shiotani
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/25
JO  - Reproductive Medicine and Biology
DO  - 10.1002/rmb2.70109
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.70109
AB  - Purpose: To investigate whether hydrosalpinx is associated with alterations in the endometrial microbiota and detection of gram‐positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC)‐associated genera.  Methods: This single‐center retrospective observational study included 236 patients who underwent endometrial microbiota testing by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing: 90 with untreated hydrosalpinx diagnosed by hysterosalpingography and 146 without hydrosalpinx. GPAC positivity was defined as detection of at least one of Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Peptoniphilus, Peptostreptococcus, or Parvimonas. Logistic regression was adjusted for age, antibiotic use within 3 months, and luteal‐phase sampling. False discovery rate adjustment was applied across four exploratory microbiota outcomes.  Results: GPAC‐associated genera were detected in 23/90 patients (25.6%) with hydrosalpinx and 19/146 (13.0%) without hydrosalpinx. Hydrosalpinx was nominally associated with GPAC detection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–4.38; p = 0.025), but not after false discovery rate adjustment (q = 0.101). No clear associations were observed for the other microbiota outcomes. Similar estimates were obtained after additional adjustment for recurrent implantation failure and in post hoc sensitivity analyses using alternative GPAC definitions.  Conclusion: Hydrosalpinx was associated with more frequent detection of GPAC‐associated genera in exploratory analyses. This finding should be considered hypothesis‐generating rather than confirmatory and requires independent prospective validation.
SN  - 1445-5781
SN  - 1447-0578
ER  -