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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Applications in Plant Sciences

Mapping Lupinus polyphyllus density and distribution along road verges using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)–based remote sensing

  • Elin L. Blomqvist1
  • Jan‐Olov Andersson2
  • R. Lutz Eckstein1
  • Jan Haas2
  1. 1Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Biology, Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden
  2. 2Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Geomatics, Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden
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Abstract

Premise: Road verges function as refuges for semi‐natural species, but they can also facilitate the spread of non‐native plants such as Lupinus polyphyllus. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)–based remote sensing is a promising tool for mapping these species; however, its application in roadside contexts remains limited.

Methods: We developed and evaluated a UAV‐based workflow to detect and map lupine presence and density along roads. Red‐green‐blue (RGB) imagery was processed into orthomosaics and classified using object‐based and pixel‐based approaches with support vector machines and random forest algorithms under multiple classification schemes.

Results: The highest accuracy (88.8%) was achieved using pixel‐based random forest classification and a simplified scheme. Flowering purple lupine showed strong classification performance (F1 score = 96.3%), while early‐stage greenish individuals were harder to detect (74.5%). Spatial heatmap comparison revealed low overestimation (1.79%) and underestimation (1.47%).

Discussion: Assuming optimal phenological conditions, UAV‐based mapping provides a scalable and cost‐efficient complement to ground surveys for the management of L. polyphyllus within infrastructure areas.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{blomqvist2026mapping,
  title = {{Mapping Lupinus polyphyllus density and distribution along road verges using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)–based remote sensing}},
  author = {Elin L. Blomqvist and Jan‐Olov Andersson and R. Lutz Eckstein and Jan Haas},
  journal = {Applications in Plant Sciences},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1002/aps3.70080},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70080},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Mapping Lupinus polyphyllus density and distribution along road verges using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)–based remote sensing
AU  - Elin L. Blomqvist
AU  - Jan‐Olov Andersson
AU  - R. Lutz Eckstein
AU  - Jan Haas
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/09
JO  - Applications in Plant Sciences
DO  - 10.1002/aps3.70080
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70080
AB  - Premise: Road verges function as refuges for semi‐natural species, but they can also facilitate the spread of non‐native plants such as Lupinus polyphyllus. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)–based remote sensing is a promising tool for mapping these species; however, its application in roadside contexts remains limited.  Methods: We developed and evaluated a UAV‐based workflow to detect and map lupine presence and density along roads. Red‐green‐blue (RGB) imagery was processed into orthomosaics and classified using object‐based and pixel‐based approaches with support vector machines and random forest algorithms under multiple classification schemes.  Results: The highest accuracy (88.8%) was achieved using pixel‐based random forest classification and a simplified scheme. Flowering purple lupine showed strong classification performance (F1 score = 96.3%), while early‐stage greenish individuals were harder to detect (74.5%). Spatial heatmap comparison revealed low overestimation (1.79%) and underestimation (1.47%).  Discussion: Assuming optimal phenological conditions, UAV‐based mapping provides a scalable and cost‐efficient complement to ground surveys for the management of L. polyphyllus within infrastructure areas.
SN  - 2168-0450
ER  -