Examining Temporal Characteristics of GCRs in the AMS-02 era
Abstract
The energy spectra of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) serve as critical probes of their astrophysical origins and propagation mechanisms through the interstellar medium. Among the key physical processes shaping the observed spectra, solar modulation, driven by turbulent heliospheric magnetic fields and the variability of the solar wind, plays a dominant role in modifying GCR fluxes within the inner heliosphere. The recent release of time-dependent flux measurements for He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O by AMS-02 provides unprecedented precision to investigate solar modulation phenomena. In this study, we demonstrate that Li, Be, B, C, N, and O nuclei exhibit solar modulation parameters consistent with those of protons (p) and He within a modified force-field approximation (FFA) framework incorporating rigidity-dependent modulation potentials. By positing that GCRs with the same charge-sign sharing the solar modulation parameters, we further forecast daily fluxes of Ne, Mg and Si from 2011 to 2020.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{zhu2026examining,
title = {{Examining Temporal Characteristics of GCRs in the AMS-02 era}},
author = {Cheng-Rui Zhu and Yu-Lu Liu and Mei-Juan Wang and Tian-Hao Li and Yi-Hua Zhu and Kai-Kai Duan},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.13633},
eprint = {2609.13633},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13633},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Examining Temporal Characteristics of GCRs in the AMS-02 era
AU - Cheng-Rui Zhu
AU - Yu-Lu Liu
AU - Mei-Juan Wang
AU - Tian-Hao Li
AU - Yi-Hua Zhu
AU - Kai-Kai Duan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.13633
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13633
AB - The energy spectra of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) serve as critical probes of their astrophysical origins and propagation mechanisms through the interstellar medium. Among the key physical processes shaping the observed spectra, solar modulation, driven by turbulent heliospheric magnetic fields and the variability of the solar wind, plays a dominant role in modifying GCR fluxes within the inner heliosphere. The recent release of time-dependent flux measurements for He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O by AMS-02 provides unprecedented precision to investigate solar modulation phenomena. In this study, we demonstrate that Li, Be, B, C, N, and O nuclei exhibit solar modulation parameters consistent with those of protons (p) and He within a modified force-field approximation (FFA) framework incorporating rigidity-dependent modulation potentials. By positing that GCRs with the same charge-sign sharing the solar modulation parameters, we further forecast daily fluxes of Ne, Mg and Si from 2011 to 2020.
ER -