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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The Astrophysical Journal

Examining Temporal Characteristics of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the AMS-02 Era

  • Cheng-Rui Zhu1
  • Yu-Lu Liu1
  • Mei-Juan Wang1
  • Tian-Hao Liu1
  • Yi-Hua Zhu1
  • Kai-Kai Duan2
  1. 1Anhui Normal University
  2. 2Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Abstract

The energy spectra of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) serve as critical probes of their astrophysical origins and propagation mechanisms through the interstellar medium. Among the key physical processes shaping the observed spectra, solar modulation, driven by turbulent heliospheric magnetic fields and the variability of the solar wind, plays a dominant role in modifying GCR fluxes within the inner heliosphere. The recent release of time-dependent flux measurements for He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O by AMS-02 provides unprecedented precision to investigate solar modulation phenomena. In this study, we demonstrate that Li, Be, B, C, N, and O nuclei exhibit solar modulation parameters consistent with those of protons (p) and He within a modified force-field approximation (FFA) framework incorporating rigidity-dependent modulation potentials. By positing that GCRs with the same charge sign share solar modulation parameters, we further forecast daily fluxes of Ne, Mg, and Si from 2011 to 2020.

Versions

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zhu2026examining,
  title = {{Examining Temporal Characteristics of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the AMS-02 Era}},
  author = {Cheng-Rui Zhu and Yu-Lu Liu and Mei-Juan Wang and Tian-Hao Liu and Yi-Hua Zhu and Kai-Kai Duan},
  journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aea4b3},
  url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea4b3},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Examining Temporal Characteristics of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the AMS-02 Era
AU  - Cheng-Rui Zhu
AU  - Yu-Lu Liu
AU  - Mei-Juan Wang
AU  - Tian-Hao Liu
AU  - Yi-Hua Zhu
AU  - Kai-Kai Duan
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/21
JO  - The Astrophysical Journal
DO  - 10.3847/1538-4357/aea4b3
UR  - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea4b3
AB  - The energy spectra of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) serve as critical probes of their astrophysical origins and propagation mechanisms through the interstellar medium. Among the key physical processes shaping the observed spectra, solar modulation, driven by turbulent heliospheric magnetic fields and the variability of the solar wind, plays a dominant role in modifying GCR fluxes within the inner heliosphere. The recent release of time-dependent flux measurements for He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O by AMS-02 provides unprecedented precision to investigate solar modulation phenomena. In this study, we demonstrate that Li, Be, B, C, N, and O nuclei exhibit solar modulation parameters consistent with those of protons (p) and He within a modified force-field approximation (FFA) framework incorporating rigidity-dependent modulation potentials. By positing that GCRs with the same charge sign share solar modulation parameters, we further forecast daily fluxes of Ne, Mg, and Si from 2011 to 2020.
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
ER  -