Visualizing Influenza A Virus Infection and Host Processes Using Fluorescence Microscopy.
- 1Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Abstract
Virus infections unfold through spatially organized events whose timing and progression vary among individual cells. Imaging complements population-based approaches by preserving spatial context and, in live experiments, temporal progression at single-cell and tissue scales. This review examines how imaging has advanced our understanding of virus infection, using influenza A virus (IAV) as the principal example. The review is organized around three complementary perspectives: visualization of viral components throughout infection, analysis of virus-induced host-cell and tissue remodeling, and investigation of heterogeneous antiviral responses. Together, these perspectives show how imaging preserves the spatial, temporal, and cell-to-cell context needed to relate viral processes to host-cell responses across scales. Because imaging approaches differ in what they directly measure, this review considers their complementary strengths and limitations and distinguishes descriptive observations from mechanistic conclusions.
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BibTeX
@article{kramer2026visualizing,
title = {{Visualizing Influenza A Virus Infection and Host Processes Using Fluorescence Microscopy.}},
author = {Bernhard A Kramer and Janin Schokolowski and Huib H Rabouw},
journal = {Viruses},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/v18101074},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42943994},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Visualizing Influenza A Virus Infection and Host Processes Using Fluorescence Microscopy.
AU - Bernhard A Kramer
AU - Janin Schokolowski
AU - Huib H Rabouw
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
JO - Viruses
DO - 10.3390/v18101074
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42943994
AB - Virus infections unfold through spatially organized events whose timing and progression vary among individual cells. Imaging complements population-based approaches by preserving spatial context and, in live experiments, temporal progression at single-cell and tissue scales. This review examines how imaging has advanced our understanding of virus infection, using influenza A virus (IAV) as the principal example. The review is organized around three complementary perspectives: visualization of viral components throughout infection, analysis of virus-induced host-cell and tissue remodeling, and investigation of heterogeneous antiviral responses. Together, these perspectives show how imaging preserves the spatial, temporal, and cell-to-cell context needed to relate viral processes to host-cell responses across scales. Because imaging approaches differ in what they directly measure, this review considers their complementary strengths and limitations and distinguishes descriptive observations from mechanistic conclusions.
SN - 1999-4915
ER -