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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDPreventive Medicine Reports

Trends in and program characteristics associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis availability among opioid treatment facilities in the United States

  • Mary C. Figgatt1
  • Jessica Jaiswal2
  • Yahya Alnashri3
  • Joseph G. Rosen4
  • Josiah D. Rich4
  • Traci C. Green5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Brown University Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Corresponding author at: Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1125 N Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
  2. 2University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  3. 3University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  4. 4Brown University Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
  5. 5Brown University Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract

Objective: To examine the prevalence and settings of PrEP availability at opioid use treatment facilities in the United States. Methods: We examined PrEP trends from 2021 to 2024 using the National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine associations between facility characteristics and PrEP prescribing in 2024. Results: A total of 13,755 substance use treatment facilities in 2021; 14,201 in 2022; 12,892 in 2023; and 13,875 in 2024 were included. The percentage of facilities offering PrEP increased from 6.03% in 2021 to 10.62% in 2024 ( p < 0.01) nationwide. Despite comprising over 90% of facilities, outpatient (8.57%) and residential (14.26%) facilities had lower PrEP availability than inpatient facilities (23.19%). Facilities with methadone and buprenorphine had higher odds of PrEP availability (methadone OR = 7.52, 95% CI = 5.34, 10.59; buprenorphine only OR = 10.09, 95% CI = 7.53, 13.52) compared to those without these treatments. Facilities offering programs specific to people living with HIV (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.83, 2.94) and those identifying as LGBTQ+ (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.27) were more likely to offer PrEP. Conclusions: Despite the high number of people served in outpatient and residential facilities, PrEP access continues to remain low.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{figgatt2026trends,
  title = {{Trends in and program characteristics associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis availability among opioid treatment facilities in the United States}},
  author = {Mary C. Figgatt and Jessica Jaiswal and Yahya Alnashri and Joseph G. Rosen and Josiah D. Rich and Traci C. Green},
  journal = {Preventive Medicine Reports},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Trends in and program characteristics associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis availability among opioid treatment facilities in the United States
AU  - Mary C. Figgatt
AU  - Jessica Jaiswal
AU  - Yahya Alnashri
AU  - Joseph G. Rosen
AU  - Josiah D. Rich
AU  - Traci C. Green
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/16
JO  - Preventive Medicine Reports
DO  - 10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671
AB  - Objective: To examine the prevalence and settings of PrEP availability at opioid use treatment facilities in the United States. Methods: We examined PrEP trends from 2021 to 2024 using the National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine associations between facility characteristics and PrEP prescribing in 2024. Results: A total of 13,755 substance use treatment facilities in 2021; 14,201 in 2022; 12,892 in 2023; and 13,875 in 2024 were included. The percentage of facilities offering PrEP increased from 6.03% in 2021 to 10.62% in 2024 ( p < 0.01) nationwide. Despite comprising over 90% of facilities, outpatient (8.57%) and residential (14.26%) facilities had lower PrEP availability than inpatient facilities (23.19%). Facilities with methadone and buprenorphine had higher odds of PrEP availability (methadone OR = 7.52, 95% CI = 5.34, 10.59; buprenorphine only OR = 10.09, 95% CI = 7.53, 13.52) compared to those without these treatments. Facilities offering programs specific to people living with HIV (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.83, 2.94) and those identifying as LGBTQ+ (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.27) were more likely to offer PrEP. Conclusions: Despite the high number of people served in outpatient and residential facilities, PrEP access continues to remain low.
SN  - 2211-3355
ER  -