Development of Active Spitting Competence in Children: A Clinical Perspective for Paediatric Dental Prevention
- 1Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- 2Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
Abstract
Introduction: Active spitting competence is a developmental milestone potentially relevant to fluoride safety and preventive counselling in paediatric dentistry. It is defined as the voluntary ability to understand a simple instruction and consistently expel oral contents without swallowing. Its acquisition reflects neuromuscular and cognitive maturation, together with imitation, supervision, and repeated practice. This clinical perspective explores whether spitting competence may complement age-based fluoride counselling. Methods: Available developmental and clinical evidence concerning oral motor development, spitting acquisition, and fluoride dentifrice ingestion in early childhood was narratively examined and interpreted from a paediatric dental perspective. A conceptual framework was developed to consider the potential role of qualitative chairside observation of spitting ability. This article is not a systematic review and does not aim to establish normative cut-offs or age thresholds. Results: Evidence suggests that active spitting develops within a broad developmental window, commonly between approximately 2 and 5 years, with considerable interindividual variability. Young children may swallow a substantial proportion of toothpaste during brushing, and repeated ingestion of fluoride-containing dentifrice during tooth development may increase fluorosis risk. A brief qualitative observation of spitting competence could complement age-based fluoride guidance by identifying children requiring closer supervision and conservative toothpaste management. However, its predictive validity and clinical utility have not been established. Conclusions: Functional spitting assessment may represent a useful adjunct to individualized fluoride counselling in paediatric dental practice. However, current evidence does not support its use as a standalone criterion or the definition of specific age thresholds. Prospective validation studies are required to determine whether spitting competence can reliably predict dentifrice ingestion and inform future clinical recommendations.
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BibTeX
@article{grecolini2026development,
title = {{Development of Active Spitting Competence in Children: A Clinical Perspective for Paediatric Dental Prevention}},
author = {Maria Elena Grecolini and Margherita Donelli and Antonino Manti and Letizia Bolognesi},
journal = {Oral},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/oral6050122},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/oral6050122},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Development of Active Spitting Competence in Children: A Clinical Perspective for Paediatric Dental Prevention
AU - Maria Elena Grecolini
AU - Margherita Donelli
AU - Antonino Manti
AU - Letizia Bolognesi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
JO - Oral
DO - 10.3390/oral6050122
UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/oral6050122
AB - Introduction: Active spitting competence is a developmental milestone potentially relevant to fluoride safety and preventive counselling in paediatric dentistry. It is defined as the voluntary ability to understand a simple instruction and consistently expel oral contents without swallowing. Its acquisition reflects neuromuscular and cognitive maturation, together with imitation, supervision, and repeated practice. This clinical perspective explores whether spitting competence may complement age-based fluoride counselling. Methods: Available developmental and clinical evidence concerning oral motor development, spitting acquisition, and fluoride dentifrice ingestion in early childhood was narratively examined and interpreted from a paediatric dental perspective. A conceptual framework was developed to consider the potential role of qualitative chairside observation of spitting ability. This article is not a systematic review and does not aim to establish normative cut-offs or age thresholds. Results: Evidence suggests that active spitting develops within a broad developmental window, commonly between approximately 2 and 5 years, with considerable interindividual variability. Young children may swallow a substantial proportion of toothpaste during brushing, and repeated ingestion of fluoride-containing dentifrice during tooth development may increase fluorosis risk. A brief qualitative observation of spitting competence could complement age-based fluoride guidance by identifying children requiring closer supervision and conservative toothpaste management. However, its predictive validity and clinical utility have not been established. Conclusions: Functional spitting assessment may represent a useful adjunct to individualized fluoride counselling in paediatric dental practice. However, current evidence does not support its use as a standalone criterion or the definition of specific age thresholds. Prospective validation studies are required to determine whether spitting competence can reliably predict dentifrice ingestion and inform future clinical recommendations.
SN - 2673-6373
ER -