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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Network analysis of mental well-being, psychological inflexibility, and psychopathological symptoms in individuals seeking online psychological support

  • Leivy Patricia González-Ramírez1
  • Joel Omar González-Cantero2
  • Reyna Jazmín Martínez-Arriaga3
  • Said Jiménez4
  • Paulina Erika Herdoiza-Arroyo5
  • Rebeca Robles-García6
  • Rosa Olimpia Castellanos-Vargas7
  • Alejandro Dominguez-Rodriguez8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
  2. 2Departamento de Ciencias del Comportamiento, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco, México
  3. 3Departamento de Clínicas de Salud Mental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
  4. 4Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ciudad de México, México
  5. 5Faculty of Medical, Health and Life Sciences, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador UIDE, Quito, Ecuador
  6. 6Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental Global, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
  7. 7Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
  8. 8Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Abstract

Background: Mental well-being encompasses positive psychological functioning, life satisfaction, and engagement with daily activities. It is influenced by multiple interrelated factors, including symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological inflexibility. Network analysis provides a data-driven framework for examining the complex interconnections between these components and for identifying elements that may play a central role in the mental well-being system. The present study aimed to identify key elements related to stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological inflexibility associated with mental well-being in individuals seeking online psychological support. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data drawn from the Well-being online intervention. A total of 941 Mexican participants were included. A psychological network comprising seventy-four items was estimated, and centrality indices (strength, closeness, and betweenness) were computed to determine the relative importance of individual elements within the network. Network comparisons by gender were conducted to evaluate global and local differences. Results: The network revealed multiple inter-domain associations, particularly negative relationships between mental well-being and symptoms of depression, anxiety, negative stress, and psychological inflexibility. Items reflecting self-evaluation and emotional well-being consistently emerged as the most central elements in the network across centrality metrics. Gender-based comparisons indicated overall structural similarity between networks, although differences were observed in the strength of specific connections. Conclusions: Network analysis identified central elements linking mental well-being with psychological distress and inflexibility in a population seeking online psychological support. These findings contribute to a systems-level understanding of mental well-being and highlight potential targets for psychological interventions to enhance well-being and reduce distress.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{gonzalezramirez2026network,
  title = {{Network analysis of mental well-being, psychological inflexibility, and psychopathological symptoms in individuals seeking online psychological support}},
  author = {Leivy Patricia González-Ramírez and Joel Omar González-Cantero and Reyna Jazmín Martínez-Arriaga and Said Jiménez and Paulina Erika Herdoiza-Arroyo and Rebeca Robles-García and Rosa Olimpia Castellanos-Vargas and Alejandro Dominguez-Rodriguez},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0344411},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344411},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Network analysis of mental well-being, psychological inflexibility, and psychopathological symptoms in individuals seeking online psychological support
AU  - Leivy Patricia González-Ramírez
AU  - Joel Omar González-Cantero
AU  - Reyna Jazmín Martínez-Arriaga
AU  - Said Jiménez
AU  - Paulina Erika Herdoiza-Arroyo
AU  - Rebeca Robles-García
AU  - Rosa Olimpia Castellanos-Vargas
AU  - Alejandro Dominguez-Rodriguez
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/23
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0344411
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344411
AB  - Background: Mental well-being encompasses positive psychological functioning, life satisfaction, and engagement with daily activities. It is influenced by multiple interrelated factors, including symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological inflexibility. Network analysis provides a data-driven framework for examining the complex interconnections between these components and for identifying elements that may play a central role in the mental well-being system. The present study aimed to identify key elements related to stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological inflexibility associated with mental well-being in individuals seeking online psychological support. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data drawn from the Well-being online intervention. A total of 941 Mexican participants were included. A psychological network comprising seventy-four items was estimated, and centrality indices (strength, closeness, and betweenness) were computed to determine the relative importance of individual elements within the network. Network comparisons by gender were conducted to evaluate global and local differences. Results: The network revealed multiple inter-domain associations, particularly negative relationships between mental well-being and symptoms of depression, anxiety, negative stress, and psychological inflexibility. Items reflecting self-evaluation and emotional well-being consistently emerged as the most central elements in the network across centrality metrics. Gender-based comparisons indicated overall structural similarity between networks, although differences were observed in the strength of specific connections. Conclusions: Network analysis identified central elements linking mental well-being with psychological distress and inflexibility in a population seeking online psychological support. These findings contribute to a systems-level understanding of mental well-being and highlight potential targets for psychological interventions to enhance well-being and reduce distress.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -