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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The European Physical Journal C

Quantum thermodynamics of ergotopy for a relativistic battery as a witness to Unruh–Hawking thermality in curved (A)dS spacetimes

  • Xiang Hao1,2
  • Tao-Feng Gan1
  • Cheng-Tai Wu1
  • Tian-Xi Ren1
  • Wei-Wei Zhang1
  • Yin-Zhong Wu1
  1. 1Suzhou University of Science and Technology
  2. 2University of British Columbia
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Abstract

We propose a relativistic quantum battery model consisting of an accelerated Unruh–DeWitt detector coupled to a massless scalar field in a de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetimes. The maximal amount of quantum extractable work, defined as the ergotropy, is used to probe Unruh–Hawking thermality induced by acceleration and spacetime curvature. Using the open quantum system approach, we study the dynamics of the ergotropy with respect to the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger temperature, spacetime boundary conditions, and dimensionality. It has been found that the asymptotic value of quantum work extraction is determined solely by the acceleration and curvature. The steady behavior in the two spacetimes can be unified to witness the Unruh–Hawking thermality which is independent of boundary conditions and dimensionality. From a perspective of time-dependent evolution, we investigate how the ergotropy evolves through different pathways as the battery gradually reaches the same thermal equilibrium state characterized by a certain KMS temperature. In dS spacetime, the evolution at large acceleration exhibits pronounced oscillations and differs from the fast thermal relaxation observed at low acceleration. Varying the boundary condition in AdS can improve the energy storage of the moving battery. When the dimension of AdS is increased, vacuum fluctuations can modestly amplify the ergotropy in the initial stage and facilitate the rapid thermalization. From the perspective of energy transfer, the relativistic quantum battery helps explore the thermal vacuum in curved spacetimes.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hao2026quantum,
  title = {{Quantum thermodynamics of ergotopy for a relativistic battery as a witness to Unruh–Hawking thermality in curved (A)dS spacetimes}},
  author = {Xiang Hao and Tao-Feng Gan and Cheng-Tai Wu and Tian-Xi Ren and Wei-Wei Zhang and Yin-Zhong Wu},
  journal = {The European Physical Journal C},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16400-w},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16400-w},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Quantum thermodynamics of ergotopy for a relativistic battery as a witness to Unruh–Hawking thermality in curved (A)dS spacetimes
AU  - Xiang Hao
AU  - Tao-Feng Gan
AU  - Cheng-Tai Wu
AU  - Tian-Xi Ren
AU  - Wei-Wei Zhang
AU  - Yin-Zhong Wu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/05
JO  - The European Physical Journal C
DO  - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16400-w
UR  - https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16400-w
AB  - We propose a relativistic quantum battery model consisting of an accelerated Unruh–DeWitt detector coupled to a massless scalar field in a de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetimes. The maximal amount of quantum extractable work, defined as the ergotropy, is used to probe Unruh–Hawking thermality induced by acceleration and spacetime curvature. Using the open quantum system approach, we study the dynamics of the ergotropy with respect to the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger temperature, spacetime boundary conditions, and dimensionality. It has been found that the asymptotic value of quantum work extraction is determined solely by the acceleration and curvature. The steady behavior in the two spacetimes can be unified to witness the Unruh–Hawking thermality which is independent of boundary conditions and dimensionality. From a perspective of time-dependent evolution, we investigate how the ergotropy evolves through different pathways as the battery gradually reaches the same thermal equilibrium state characterized by a certain KMS temperature. In dS spacetime, the evolution at large acceleration exhibits pronounced oscillations and differs from the fast thermal relaxation observed at low acceleration. Varying the boundary condition in AdS can improve the energy storage of the moving battery. When the dimension of AdS is increased, vacuum fluctuations can modestly amplify the ergotropy in the initial stage and facilitate the rapid thermalization. From the perspective of energy transfer, the relativistic quantum battery helps explore the thermal vacuum in curved spacetimes.
SN  - 1434-6044
SN  - 1434-6052
ER  -