The Star Universe Model -- Another FLRW Patch
Abstract
The Black Hole Universe model has advanced in the literature. It assumes that the whole mass of the Universe remains inside the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole after being subject to a spherical collapse. We present a graphical proof and show that within the realm of classical theory this is not possible if spacetime remains regular at all times during the evolving collapse/bounce. Other drawbacks are discussed. As an alternative, we propose the Star Universe Model. In this model no other ingredients (such as inflaton field and dark energy) other than the perfect fluid itself are considered, and a positive spatial curvature is naturally introduced along with a particle production rate function. We discuss new-old static solutions, show that the density of a semi-closed Universe of gravitational mass Mg is bounded from above by 3c6/(32 πG3 Mg2), and elaborate on the birth of the Universe and calculate its inflation rate within the Star Universe Model. A smooth graceful exit from inflationary state occurs as the evolutionary solution approaches the generalized Einstein static Universe (with uniform energy density and negative pressure) and the expansion becomes linear in cosmological time with density and (negative) total pressure proportional to the square of the inverse of the scale factor. A similar behavior for density and (positive) pressure will occur if (re)collapse takes place. The analysis results in a time variable and decreasing effective cosmological constant 8πGρ(τ)/c2, which remains almost constant at late times, that justifies the late accelerated expansion with a rate of particle production three times the Hubble parameter.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{azregaınou2026star,
title = {{The Star Universe Model -- Another FLRW Patch}},
author = {Mustapha Azreg-A\"ınou},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.38226},
eprint = {2609.38226},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38226},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - The Star Universe Model -- Another FLRW Patch
AU - Mustapha Azreg-A\"ınou
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.38226
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38226
AB - The Black Hole Universe model has advanced in the literature. It assumes that the whole mass of the Universe remains inside the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole after being subject to a spherical collapse. We present a graphical proof and show that within the realm of classical theory this is not possible if spacetime remains regular at all times during the evolving collapse/bounce. Other drawbacks are discussed. As an alternative, we propose the Star Universe Model. In this model no other ingredients (such as inflaton field and dark energy) other than the perfect fluid itself are considered, and a positive spatial curvature is naturally introduced along with a particle production rate function. We discuss new-old static solutions, show that the density of a semi-closed Universe of gravitational mass M_g is bounded from above by 3c^6/(32 πG^3 M_g^2), and elaborate on the birth of the Universe and calculate its inflation rate within the Star Universe Model. A smooth graceful exit from inflationary state occurs as the evolutionary solution approaches the generalized Einstein static Universe (with uniform energy density and negative pressure) and the expansion becomes linear in cosmological time with density and (negative) total pressure proportional to the square of the inverse of the scale factor. A similar behavior for density and (positive) pressure will occur if (re)collapse takes place. The analysis results in a time variable and decreasing effective cosmological constant 8πGρ(τ)/c^2, which remains almost constant at late times, that justifies the late accelerated expansion with a rate of particle production three times the Hubble parameter.
ER -