Skip to content
DraconiticResearch
Search Sources API
197,768 studies31 sourcesUpdated 50 min ago
Peer-reviewedCC BYCancers

Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies

  • Ziyu Wang1,2
  • Nina Afshar1,2
  • Allison M. Hodge1,2
  • Harindra Jayasekara1,2,3
  • Stella Koutros4
  • Piet A. van den Brandt5
  • Alicja Wolk6
  • Molin Wang7,8,9
  • Tao Hou10
  • Hans-Olov Adami11,12
  • Agneta Åkesson6
  • Chrisa Arcan13
62 more authors
  • Kimberly A. Bertrand14
  • Marisa Bittoni15,16
  • David Bogumil17
  • Hui Cai18
  • Amanda J. Cross19
  • A. Heather Eliassen8,9,10
  • Jo L. Freudenheim20
  • Gretchen L. Gierach4
  • Edward L. Giovannucci8,10
  • Wen-Yi Huang4
  • Paula Jakszyn21
  • Rieko Kanehara22
  • Victoria A. Kirsh23,24
  • Woon-Puay Koh25
  • Candyce H. Kroenke26,27
  • James V. Lacey28
  • Linda M. Liao4
  • Erikka Loftfield4
  • Chaoran Ma29
  • Loic Le Marchand30
  • Maria Elena Martinez31
  • Anthony B. Miller24
  • Steven C. Moore4
  • Lorelei A. Mucci8,32
  • Heather M. Munro33
  • Marian L. Neuhouser34
  • Jessica L. Petrick14
  • Jenny N. Poynter35
  • Mark A. Preston36,37
  • Anna Prizment38
  • Samantha Rees20
  • Kim Robien39
  • Thomas E. Rohan40
  • Sven Sandin12
  • Norie Sawada22
  • Eva S. Schernhammer8,9
  • Marissa M. Shams-White
  • Martha J. Shrubsole18
  • Xiao-Ou Shu18
  • Rashmi Sinha4
  • Sabina Sieri
  • Mingyang Song8,10
  • Meir J. Stampfer8,9,10
  • Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon4
  • Matthew Triplette34
  • Caroline Y. Um
  • Kala Visvanathan
  • Trang VoPham34

60 listed; 74 in total.

40 affiliations
  1. 1Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
  2. 2Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
  3. 3School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
  4. 4Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
  5. 5Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
  6. 6Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
  7. 7Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
  8. 8Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
  9. 9Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
  10. 10Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
  11. 11Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
  12. 12Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
  13. 13Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA
  14. 14Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
  15. 15Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
  16. 16The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
  17. 17Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
  18. 18Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
  19. 19Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Group (CSPRG), Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
  20. 20Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
  21. 21Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
  22. 22Department of Cohort Research, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
  23. 23Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
  24. 24Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
  25. 25Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
  26. 26Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
  27. 27Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
  28. 28Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
  29. 29Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
  30. 30Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
  31. 31Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
  32. 32Discovery Sciences, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
  33. 33International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
  34. 34Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
  35. 35Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
  36. 36Department of Urology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02114, USA
  37. 37Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Boston, MA 02215, USA
  38. 38Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
  39. 39Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
  40. 40Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
Read full textPDFDOICite

Abstract

Background: Processed meat and unprocessed red meat are considered carcinogenic and ‘probably carcinogenic’ to humans, respectively, but findings for bladder cancer remain inconsistent. Objectives: We assessed associations between processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake and bladder cancer risk using data from the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Methods: Associations with bladder cancer risk were assessed using individual-level data from 30 cohort studies from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Diet was assessed at enrolment using validated food frequency questionnaires or diet histories. Following a pre-specified analysis plan, study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for smoking status and duration and other potential confounders, and pooled using inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis. Results: During median follow-up across cohorts of 8–29 years, among 2,575,971 participants, 20,780 were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Processed meat intake was associated with increased bladder cancer risk (HR comparing ≥40 with <5 g/day = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.15; HR per 20 g/day = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.03). Weaker evidence of association with increased risk was also observed for unprocessed red meat (HR comparing ≥100 with <20 g/day = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00–1.13; HR per 50 g/day = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99–1.03). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by study, sex, or region. Conclusions: Higher intakes of processed meat and unprocessed red meat were associated with a small increase in risk of bladder cancer. These findings are consistent with existing public health recommendations to limit consumption of red and processed meat.

Related

  1. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Developing Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies from the International Pooled Bladder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) Study
    Yue-Wei Wu, Evan Yi-Wen Yu, Ya-Ting Chen +2
    NutrientsPeer-reviewedCC BYFull textNutritionEurope PMC
  2. Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Frailty in Korean Older Adults
    NutrientsPeer-reviewedCC BYFull textNutritionEurope PMC
  3. Circulating metabolites and fatty acids associated with ultra-processed food consumption: results from the EPIC study
    Jessica Blanco-Lopez, Sahar Yammine, Joseph A. Rothwell +45
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionPeer-reviewedLicence not statedFull text2 citedEpidemiology & public healthHAL
  4. Effect of ultra-processed food consumption on male reproductive and metabolic health
    Jessica M Preston, Jo Iversen, Antonia Hufnagel +14
    Cell MetabolismPeer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Full text40 citedGeneral biologyEndocrinology & metabolismHAL
  5. The bidirectional association between highly processed food consumption and major depressive disorder among adults in Spain
    Íngrid Gete-Alejandro, Joan Domènech-Abella, Josep Maria Haro +5
    Scientific ReportsPeer-reviewedCC BYFull textEpidemiology & public healthDOAJ

Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{wang2026consumption,
  title = {{Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies}},
  author = {Ziyu Wang and Nina Afshar and Allison M. Hodge and Harindra Jayasekara and Stella Koutros and Piet A. van den Brandt and Alicja Wolk and Molin Wang and Tao Hou and Hans-Olov Adami and Agneta Åkesson and Chrisa Arcan and Kimberly A. Bertrand and Marisa Bittoni and David Bogumil and Hui Cai and Amanda J. Cross and A. Heather Eliassen and Jo L. Freudenheim and Gretchen L. Gierach and Edward L. Giovannucci and Wen-Yi Huang and Paula Jakszyn and Rieko Kanehara and Victoria A. Kirsh and Woon-Puay Koh and Candyce H. Kroenke and James V. Lacey and Linda M. Liao and Erikka Loftfield and Chaoran Ma and Loic Le Marchand and Maria Elena Martinez and Anthony B. Miller and Steven C. Moore and Lorelei A. Mucci and Heather M. Munro and Marian L. Neuhouser and Jessica L. Petrick and Jenny N. Poynter and Mark A. Preston and Anna Prizment and Samantha Rees and Kim Robien and Thomas E. Rohan and Sven Sandin and Norie Sawada and Eva S. Schernhammer and Marissa M. Shams-White and Martha J. Shrubsole and Xiao-Ou Shu and Rashmi Sinha and Sabina Sieri and Mingyang Song and Meir J. Stampfer and Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon and Matthew Triplette and Caroline Y. Um and Kala Visvanathan and Trang VoPham},
  journal = {Cancers},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/cancers18193203},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664252},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies
AU  - Ziyu Wang
AU  - Nina Afshar
AU  - Allison M. Hodge
AU  - Harindra Jayasekara
AU  - Stella Koutros
AU  - Piet A. van den Brandt
AU  - Alicja Wolk
AU  - Molin Wang
AU  - Tao Hou
AU  - Hans-Olov Adami
AU  - Agneta Åkesson
AU  - Chrisa Arcan
AU  - Kimberly A. Bertrand
AU  - Marisa Bittoni
AU  - David Bogumil
AU  - Hui Cai
AU  - Amanda J. Cross
AU  - A. Heather Eliassen
AU  - Jo L. Freudenheim
AU  - Gretchen L. Gierach
AU  - Edward L. Giovannucci
AU  - Wen-Yi Huang
AU  - Paula Jakszyn
AU  - Rieko Kanehara
AU  - Victoria A. Kirsh
AU  - Woon-Puay Koh
AU  - Candyce H. Kroenke
AU  - James V. Lacey
AU  - Linda M. Liao
AU  - Erikka Loftfield
AU  - Chaoran Ma
AU  - Loic Le Marchand
AU  - Maria Elena Martinez
AU  - Anthony B. Miller
AU  - Steven C. Moore
AU  - Lorelei A. Mucci
AU  - Heather M. Munro
AU  - Marian L. Neuhouser
AU  - Jessica L. Petrick
AU  - Jenny N. Poynter
AU  - Mark A. Preston
AU  - Anna Prizment
AU  - Samantha Rees
AU  - Kim Robien
AU  - Thomas E. Rohan
AU  - Sven Sandin
AU  - Norie Sawada
AU  - Eva S. Schernhammer
AU  - Marissa M. Shams-White
AU  - Martha J. Shrubsole
AU  - Xiao-Ou Shu
AU  - Rashmi Sinha
AU  - Sabina Sieri
AU  - Mingyang Song
AU  - Meir J. Stampfer
AU  - Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon
AU  - Matthew Triplette
AU  - Caroline Y. Um
AU  - Kala Visvanathan
AU  - Trang VoPham
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Cancers
DO  - 10.3390/cancers18193203
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664252
AB  - Background: Processed meat and unprocessed red meat are considered carcinogenic and ‘probably carcinogenic’ to humans, respectively, but findings for bladder cancer remain inconsistent. Objectives: We assessed associations between processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake and bladder cancer risk using data from the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Methods: Associations with bladder cancer risk were assessed using individual-level data from 30 cohort studies from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Diet was assessed at enrolment using validated food frequency questionnaires or diet histories. Following a pre-specified analysis plan, study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for smoking status and duration and other potential confounders, and pooled using inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis. Results: During median follow-up across cohorts of 8–29 years, among 2,575,971 participants, 20,780 were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Processed meat intake was associated with increased bladder cancer risk (HR comparing ≥40 with <5 g/day = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.15; HR per 20 g/day = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.03). Weaker evidence of association with increased risk was also observed for unprocessed red meat (HR comparing ≥100 with <20 g/day = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00–1.13; HR per 50 g/day = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99–1.03). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by study, sex, or region. Conclusions: Higher intakes of processed meat and unprocessed red meat were associated with a small increase in risk of bladder cancer. These findings are consistent with existing public health recommendations to limit consumption of red and processed meat.
SN  - 2072-6694
ER  -