Passive Phase-Aware Hadamard Decoding: Analytical and Machine-Learning Approaches
Abstract
Hadamard-coded optical receivers typically rely on stable interference conditions, which can motivate active optical phase control. We investigate a fixed, intensity-only decoder that embeds four populated modes in an eight-mode interferometer and provides six complementary trigonometric observables through simultaneous power measurements. An analytic transition decoder uses the resulting sign-change patterns without continuous optical phase stabilization. The receiver's intensity-to-observable map is inverted exactly, and an identifiability analysis characterizes exceptional phase configurations and conditional noise sensitivity. An ideal, equal-photon-budget comparison with conventional four-port Hadamard decoding illustrates the potential value of the additional outputs without implying an unconditional advantage. Measurements on programmable photonic processors give 96.19% accuracy for the analytical decoding experiment; a complementary machine-learning analysis reports 98.31% on a held-out experimental trace. These results demonstrate an intensity-only, phase-aware approach to differential Hadamard decoding under the tested conditions, while larger codebooks and hardware-level energy benefits remain topics for future investigation.
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BibTeX
@misc{elmas2026passive,
title = {{Passive Phase-Aware Hadamard Decoding: Analytical and Machine-Learning Approaches}},
author = {Gökhan Elmas and Igor A Litvin and Janis Nötzel},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.29797},
eprint = {2610.29797},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29797},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Passive Phase-Aware Hadamard Decoding: Analytical and Machine-Learning Approaches
AU - Gökhan Elmas
AU - Igor A Litvin
AU - Janis Nötzel
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/21
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.29797
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29797
AB - Hadamard-coded optical receivers typically rely on stable interference conditions, which can motivate active optical phase control. We investigate a fixed, intensity-only decoder that embeds four populated modes in an eight-mode interferometer and provides six complementary trigonometric observables through simultaneous power measurements. An analytic transition decoder uses the resulting sign-change patterns without continuous optical phase stabilization. The receiver's intensity-to-observable map is inverted exactly, and an identifiability analysis characterizes exceptional phase configurations and conditional noise sensitivity. An ideal, equal-photon-budget comparison with conventional four-port Hadamard decoding illustrates the potential value of the additional outputs without implying an unconditional advantage. Measurements on programmable photonic processors give 96.19% accuracy for the analytical decoding experiment; a complementary machine-learning analysis reports 98.31% on a held-out experimental trace. These results demonstrate an intensity-only, phase-aware approach to differential Hadamard decoding under the tested conditions, while larger codebooks and hardware-level energy benefits remain topics for future investigation.
ER -