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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Photobiomodulation versus stabilization splint, both combined with self-management, for acute temporomandibular myalgia: 48-week outcomes of a partially randomized controlled study

  • Nguyen Ngoc Hoa1
  • Toan Do1
  • Viet Hai Hoang1
  • To Thanh Dong1
  • Tran Thị Minh Quyen1
  • Tran Thai Binh2
  1. 1Ha Noi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  2. 2108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract

Background: Photobiomodulation (LLLT) is used for myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD), but longer-term comparative evidence versus stabilization splints alongside structured self-management remains limited. This study aims to compare pain reduction and maximum painless mouth opening after photobiomodulation+self-management (PBM + SM) versus stabilization splint+self-management (OS + SM), with an additional self-management–only comparator (SM), over 48 weeks. Methods: This partially randomized controlled study enrolled 66 patients with DC/TMD-diagnosed acute masticatory muscle pain. Forty-four participants consenting to intervention were randomized 1:1 to PBM + SM (660-nm diode laser, twice weekly, 10 sessions) or OS + SM (maxillary stabilization splint worn at night, 8 h/day for 2 months). Both intervention groups received the same SM programme (education, habit modification, and jaw exercises for 2 months). A non-randomized convenience group received SM alone (n = 22). Assessments were performed at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48. Primary outcomes were VAS pain (0–10) and maximum painless mouth opening (MPMO, mm). Secondary outcomes included masticatory muscle tenderness and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC). Longitudinal analyses used linear mixed-effects models. Results: All groups improved over time, with earlier improvement in both intervention arms. In the randomized comparison, PBM + SM and OS + SM showed comparable week-48 outcomes for VAS pain and MPMO. No significant between-group difference in masticatory muscle tender points was observed at week 48 after Holm adjustment. Comparisons involving the SM-only group were exploratory. Conclusions: Over 48 weeks, PBM + SM and OS + SM produced comparable improvements in pain and maximum painless mouth opening, with no significant between-group difference in masticatory muscle tender points at week 48. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06419738

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hoa2026photobiomodulation,
  title = {{Photobiomodulation versus stabilization splint, both combined with self-management, for acute temporomandibular myalgia: 48-week outcomes of a partially randomized controlled study}},
  author = {Nguyen Ngoc Hoa and Toan Do and Viet Hai Hoang and To Thanh Dong and Tran Thị Minh Quyen and Tran Thai Binh},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0360472},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360472},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Photobiomodulation versus stabilization splint, both combined with self-management, for acute temporomandibular myalgia: 48-week outcomes of a partially randomized controlled study
AU  - Nguyen Ngoc Hoa
AU  - Toan Do
AU  - Viet Hai Hoang
AU  - To Thanh Dong
AU  - Tran Thị Minh Quyen
AU  - Tran Thai Binh
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/27
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0360472
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360472
AB  - Background: Photobiomodulation (LLLT) is used for myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD), but longer-term comparative evidence versus stabilization splints alongside structured self-management remains limited. This study aims to compare pain reduction and maximum painless mouth opening after photobiomodulation+self-management (PBM + SM) versus stabilization splint+self-management (OS + SM), with an additional self-management–only comparator (SM), over 48 weeks. Methods: This partially randomized controlled study enrolled 66 patients with DC/TMD-diagnosed acute masticatory muscle pain. Forty-four participants consenting to intervention were randomized 1:1 to PBM + SM (660-nm diode laser, twice weekly, 10 sessions) or OS + SM (maxillary stabilization splint worn at night, 8 h/day for 2 months). Both intervention groups received the same SM programme (education, habit modification, and jaw exercises for 2 months). A non-randomized convenience group received SM alone (n = 22). Assessments were performed at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48. Primary outcomes were VAS pain (0–10) and maximum painless mouth opening (MPMO, mm). Secondary outcomes included masticatory muscle tenderness and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC). Longitudinal analyses used linear mixed-effects models. Results: All groups improved over time, with earlier improvement in both intervention arms. In the randomized comparison, PBM + SM and OS + SM showed comparable week-48 outcomes for VAS pain and MPMO. No significant between-group difference in masticatory muscle tender points was observed at week 48 after Holm adjustment. Comparisons involving the SM-only group were exploratory. Conclusions: Over 48 weeks, PBM + SM and OS + SM produced comparable improvements in pain and maximum painless mouth opening, with no significant between-group difference in masticatory muscle tender points at week 48. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06419738
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -