Trichoderma-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Confer Vanadium Tolerance in Rice Through Multiple Defense Responses
9 affiliations
- 1Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- 2School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572000, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Forest Pathology, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- 4Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- 5College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- 6Research Department, Natural and Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- 7Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- 8Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- 9Faculty of Pharmacy, Alsalam University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
Abstract
Vanadium (V) toxicity severely restricts plant growth and yield. The mechanistic basis by which Trichoderma-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (nFe) can improve V stress tolerance in rice remains unclear. To bridge this gap, we evaluated the protective efficacy of nFe in rice seedlings exposed to vanadium (V) stress. Results revealed that nFe lowered V-induced toxic impacts by minimizing V, MDA, H2O2, and O2•− accumulation in leaves and roots. These reductions were correlated to improved photosynthesis phenomics, biomass, and membrane integrity, and reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nFe significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expressions, and partially restored the amino acid (such as glycine, GABA, and proline) accumulation in V-treated seedlings, underscoring its crucial roles in plant defense. Additionally, nFe modulated the subcellular distribution of V by facilitating cell wall fixation and vacuolar sequestration by regulating chelator genes (OsPCS1, OsMT2b, OsPCS2 and OsGSH). Moreover, nFe recovered V-inducede cellular damages by preserving mesophyll structures, mainly chloroplast and thylakoids membrane. V accumulation, Fe uptake, photosynthesis, redox homeostasis and amino acid metabolism serve as key physiological indicators for evaluating crop cultivation under V-stressed conditions. Practically, the foliar application of biogenic nFe offers a promising and sustainable agricultural strategy to improve crop resilience and ensure food security in metal-contaminated soils.
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BibTeX
@article{shahbaz2026trichodermasynthesized,
title = {{Trichoderma-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Confer Vanadium Tolerance in Rice Through Multiple Defense Responses}},
author = {Hafsah Shahbaz and Zaid Ulhassan and Zainab Shahbaz and Zohaib Kaleem and Aamir Mehmood Shah and Afrah E. Mohammed and Modhi O. Alotaibi and Dalal H. Alkhalifah and Ali El-Keblawy},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ijms27219588},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9588},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Trichoderma-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Confer Vanadium Tolerance in Rice Through Multiple Defense Responses
AU - Hafsah Shahbaz
AU - Zaid Ulhassan
AU - Zainab Shahbaz
AU - Zohaib Kaleem
AU - Aamir Mehmood Shah
AU - Afrah E. Mohammed
AU - Modhi O. Alotaibi
AU - Dalal H. Alkhalifah
AU - Ali El-Keblawy
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DO - 10.3390/ijms27219588
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9588
AB - Vanadium (V) toxicity severely restricts plant growth and yield. The mechanistic basis by which Trichoderma-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (nFe) can improve V stress tolerance in rice remains unclear. To bridge this gap, we evaluated the protective efficacy of nFe in rice seedlings exposed to vanadium (V) stress. Results revealed that nFe lowered V-induced toxic impacts by minimizing V, MDA, H2O2, and O2•− accumulation in leaves and roots. These reductions were correlated to improved photosynthesis phenomics, biomass, and membrane integrity, and reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nFe significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expressions, and partially restored the amino acid (such as glycine, GABA, and proline) accumulation in V-treated seedlings, underscoring its crucial roles in plant defense. Additionally, nFe modulated the subcellular distribution of V by facilitating cell wall fixation and vacuolar sequestration by regulating chelator genes (OsPCS1, OsMT2b, OsPCS2 and OsGSH). Moreover, nFe recovered V-inducede cellular damages by preserving mesophyll structures, mainly chloroplast and thylakoids membrane. V accumulation, Fe uptake, photosynthesis, redox homeostasis and amino acid metabolism serve as key physiological indicators for evaluating crop cultivation under V-stressed conditions. Practically, the foliar application of biogenic nFe offers a promising and sustainable agricultural strategy to improve crop resilience and ensure food security in metal-contaminated soils.
SN - 1422-0067
ER -