The accuracy of merger times in hierarchical black hole triples

@misc{fumagalli2026accuracy,
  title = {{The accuracy of merger times in hierarchical black hole triples}},
  author = {Giulia Fumagalli and Alejandro Vigna-Gómez},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.06031},
  eprint = {2609.06031},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06031},
}

TY  - UNPB
TI  - The accuracy of merger times in hierarchical black hole triples
AU  - Giulia Fumagalli
AU  - Alejandro Vigna-Gómez
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/05
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.06031
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06031
AB  - Orbit-averaged equations are widely used to model the gravitational-wave-driven evolution of compact binaries. Their validity relies on the radiation-reaction timescale being much longer than the orbital period, an assumption that can break down for highly eccentric systems. In this work, we investigate the impact of orbit averaging on merger-time estimates by comparing orbit-averaged and non-orbit-averaged prescriptions. We apply our analysis to two different astrophysically motivated populations of black hole binaries in hierarchical triple systems, where von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai oscillations can drive the inner binary eccentricities close to unity. We find that merger-time estimates obtained with orbit-averaged equations remain remarkably accurate across a wide range of eccentricities, even when the orbital timescale exceeds the radiation-reaction timescale. Significant discrepancies arise only for the most extreme and compact binaries, simultaneously characterized by very high eccentricities and small semi-latus recta. In this regime, the merger time becomes strongly dependent on the initial orbital phase, with different phases yielding predictions that can differ by several orders of magnitude. We also compare our results with an orbit-averaged merger-time prescription specifically developed for hierarchical triple systems and find substantial differences between this prescription and both the generic orbit-averaged and non-orbit-averaged calculations in the high-eccentricity regime. While these results demonstrate the robustness of orbit-averaged merger-time estimates for most systems, they also highlight the potential importance of non-orbit-averaged effects when merger times are used to infer compact-binary delay-time distributions and formation channels.
ER  -