Effect of Nano- and Microparticulate Fermented Fish Protein Hydrolysate Diets on Growth, Digestive Function, Intestinal Development, and Gene Expression in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Larvae.
11 affiliations
- 1School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- 2School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- 3Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
- 4Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- 5State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- 6University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 7Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
- 8College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- 9Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
- 10Department of Zoology, University of Chitral, Chitral 17200, Pakistan.
- 11Department of Fisheries, Jamalpur Science and Technology University, Jamalpur 2012, Bangladesh.
Abstract
The early larval stage is a major bottleneck in freshwater aquaculture because conventional live feeds are not always available for optimum nutrient availability and digestibility to satisfy the nutritional requirements of developing larvae. This study evaluated the effects of micro- and nano-particulate fermented and fish protein hydrolysate-based diets on growth, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, and immune-related gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. Four experimental diets, namely fish hydrolysate-based micro-feed (FHMF), fermented micro-feed (FMF), fish hydrolysate-based nano-feed (FHNF), and fermented nano-feed (FNF), were compared with a basal diet. Feed characterization confirmed the successful production of micro- (5-15 µm) and nano-sized (90-105 nm) particles with distinct physicochemical properties. Three-day-old hatchlings were reared for 45 days, and growth performance, survival, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphology, and gene expression were analyzed. Diet type significantly influenced all measured parameters (p < 0.001). Among the treatments, FNF consistently produced the highest growth, survival, digestive enzyme activities, villus development, and muscular layer thickness. Growth-related genes (GH, IGF-1, and ghrelin) and immune-related genes (lysozyme, TNF, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β) also followed an upregulated trend. These findings demonstrate that nanoparticulate fermented feed is a promising nutritional strategy for enhancing larval growth, digestion, immune competence, and production efficiency in common carp aquaculture.
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BibTeX
@article{noor2026effect,
title = {{Effect of Nano- and Microparticulate Fermented Fish Protein Hydrolysate Diets on Growth, Digestive Function, Intestinal Development, and Gene Expression in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Larvae.}},
author = {Zohaib Noor and Faisal Ahmad Lodhi and Waqar Younas and Fahim Ullah Khan and Zaigham Hassan and Muhammad Rizwan and Saif Ullah and Fida Ullah Khan and Fathul Bari and Md Fakhrul Islam},
journal = {Biology},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/biology15191680},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883352},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Effect of Nano- and Microparticulate Fermented Fish Protein Hydrolysate Diets on Growth, Digestive Function, Intestinal Development, and Gene Expression in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Larvae.
AU - Zohaib Noor
AU - Faisal Ahmad Lodhi
AU - Waqar Younas
AU - Fahim Ullah Khan
AU - Zaigham Hassan
AU - Muhammad Rizwan
AU - Saif Ullah
AU - Fida Ullah Khan
AU - Fathul Bari
AU - Md Fakhrul Islam
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/22
JO - Biology
DO - 10.3390/biology15191680
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883352
AB - The early larval stage is a major bottleneck in freshwater aquaculture because conventional live feeds are not always available for optimum nutrient availability and digestibility to satisfy the nutritional requirements of developing larvae. This study evaluated the effects of micro- and nano-particulate fermented and fish protein hydrolysate-based diets on growth, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, and immune-related gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. Four experimental diets, namely fish hydrolysate-based micro-feed (FHMF), fermented micro-feed (FMF), fish hydrolysate-based nano-feed (FHNF), and fermented nano-feed (FNF), were compared with a basal diet. Feed characterization confirmed the successful production of micro- (5-15 µm) and nano-sized (90-105 nm) particles with distinct physicochemical properties. Three-day-old hatchlings were reared for 45 days, and growth performance, survival, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphology, and gene expression were analyzed. Diet type significantly influenced all measured parameters (p < 0.001). Among the treatments, FNF consistently produced the highest growth, survival, digestive enzyme activities, villus development, and muscular layer thickness. Growth-related genes (GH, IGF-1, and ghrelin) and immune-related genes (lysozyme, TNF, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β) also followed an upregulated trend. These findings demonstrate that nanoparticulate fermented feed is a promising nutritional strategy for enhancing larval growth, digestion, immune competence, and production efficiency in common carp aquaculture.
SN - 2079-7737
ER -