Developing an outcomes framework for greenspace programmes supporting individuals experiencing problem substance use: a scoping review and analytical synthesis
Abstract
BackgroundGreenspace programmes are known to support health and wellbeing, yet limited research exists on their impact for individuals experiencing problem substance use. Early findings are promising, but systematic exploration of appropriate outcome measures and evaluation methods remains sparse. This paper addresses that gap by developing an outcomes framework tailored to this population.MethodsA mixed methods approach was used. A review of 311 papers evaluating greenspace interventions identified and grouped outcome measures into heuristic categories–based on overarching evaluative focus such as mood, general health or nature connection. In parallel, 33 interviews were conducted with programme participants, staff, and professionals in policy, commissioning, and referral roles. Findings from both sources were synthesized to generate an outcomes framework relevant to greenspace programmes supporting problem substance use.ResultsEvaluation methods in the literature include self-report scales, physiological measures, qualitative approaches, and observational or experimental designs. Commonly explored outcomes include: nature's impact on mood, affect, and attention; reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression; shifts in self-concept and identity; and enhanced social connection. Interview data echoed these themes, with participants describing improved health and wellbeing through multiple pathways. The resulting outcomes framework identifies 29 outcomes across three domains: nature-based, individual, and social.ConclusionsThis paper addresses a key knowledge gap in evaluating greenspace programmes for individuals with problem substance use. The evidence-informed outcomes framework offers a valuable resource for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers seeking to assess and enhance the impact of such interventions.
Related
- Using the Interpersonal Circumplex in Therapeutic Planning and Intervention for Individuals Experiencing Acculturative Stress
- Artificial Intelligence for developing a personalised functional profile and supporting upper-limb rehabilitation decision-making in children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy (AInCP): protocol for an observational study
- Developing and piloting a discrete choice experiment to assess stakeholder preferences for community-based exercise programmes after stroke
- Hepatitis C Micro-Elimination Through Patient Navigation of Individuals Experiencing Elevated Risk in a Mid-Atlantic Regional Healthcare System in 2022 and 2023: A Cohort Study.
- Association between residential greenspace exposure and cognitive health in older adults: evidence from Nanjing, China
BibTeX
@article{falzon2026developing,
title = {{Developing an outcomes framework for greenspace programmes supporting individuals experiencing problem substance use: a scoping review and analytical synthesis}},
author = {Danilo Falzon and Wendy Masterton and Hannah Carver and Edward Duncan and Kirsty Park and Sandra Engstrom and Rebecca Lovell and Morgan Torrance and Josh Dumbrell and Trish Gorley and Tessa Parkes},
journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965592},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965592},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Developing an outcomes framework for greenspace programmes supporting individuals experiencing problem substance use: a scoping review and analytical synthesis
AU - Danilo Falzon
AU - Wendy Masterton
AU - Hannah Carver
AU - Edward Duncan
AU - Kirsty Park
AU - Sandra Engstrom
AU - Rebecca Lovell
AU - Morgan Torrance
AU - Josh Dumbrell
AU - Trish Gorley
AU - Tessa Parkes
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/05
JO - Frontiers in Public Health
DO - 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965592
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965592
AB - BackgroundGreenspace programmes are known to support health and wellbeing, yet limited research exists on their impact for individuals experiencing problem substance use. Early findings are promising, but systematic exploration of appropriate outcome measures and evaluation methods remains sparse. This paper addresses that gap by developing an outcomes framework tailored to this population.MethodsA mixed methods approach was used. A review of 311 papers evaluating greenspace interventions identified and grouped outcome measures into heuristic categories–based on overarching evaluative focus such as mood, general health or nature connection. In parallel, 33 interviews were conducted with programme participants, staff, and professionals in policy, commissioning, and referral roles. Findings from both sources were synthesized to generate an outcomes framework relevant to greenspace programmes supporting problem substance use.ResultsEvaluation methods in the literature include self-report scales, physiological measures, qualitative approaches, and observational or experimental designs. Commonly explored outcomes include: nature's impact on mood, affect, and attention; reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression; shifts in self-concept and identity; and enhanced social connection. Interview data echoed these themes, with participants describing improved health and wellbeing through multiple pathways. The resulting outcomes framework identifies 29 outcomes across three domains: nature-based, individual, and social.ConclusionsThis paper addresses a key knowledge gap in evaluating greenspace programmes for individuals with problem substance use. The evidence-informed outcomes framework offers a valuable resource for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers seeking to assess and enhance the impact of such interventions.
SN - 2296-2565
ER -