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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0NPJ Science of Food

Extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial potential of Kappa-Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with HasA-targeted molecular docking validation

  • Jerin James1
  • Ameer Abbas Mohammed2
  • Amar Yasser Jassim2
  • Joseph S. Gboyo3
  • Ashiya Naaz1
  • Harish Chandra Joshi4
  • Arun Karnwal5
  • Nishesh Sharma1
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
  2. 2Department of Marine Vertebrates, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
  3. 3Department of Biological Sciences, T. J, Faulker College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia (UL), Montserrado County, Liberia
  4. 4Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Dehradun, India
  5. 5Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Dehradun, India
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Abstract

Kappa-carrageenan is a hydrocolloid from red algae and has bioactive properties for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical uses. The present study comprises efficient extraction of κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with a yield of 52.3 ± 2.1% (dry weight) using a mild alkaline method (CA) with superior viscosity (0.285 ± 0.018 Pa·s) compared to commercial carrageenan (CC) (0.198 ± 0.012 Pa·s) with gel strength (85 ± 16.4 g/cm²). Sulfate analysis revealed lower content in the extracted sample (11.02 ± 0.90 mg/g, 3.0 wt% S) than the commercial carrageenan (14.87 ± 0.70 mg/g; 4.5 wt% S). Whereas higher total phenolic content (25.79 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g) was observed in the extracted carrageenan. Structural characterization confirmed slightly higher crystallite size in the extracted carrageenan (~57.3 nm), which improved molecular ordering. Morphological and particle size analyses showed larger but more uniform particles in CA (154.25 ± 26.6 μm) from SEM analysis, dynamic light scattering size (687.6 nm), and greater colloidal stability (−32.9 mV). Antibacterial evaluation demonstrated strain-specific bactericidal activity against S. marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus with protein leakage and SEM-based membrane damage. Molecular docking further revealed binding of κ-carrageenan to the HasA heme-binding protein (−6.9 kcal/mol), suggesting a putative secondary mechanism involving computationally predicted interference of bacterial iron acquisition, which needs experimental validation

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{james2026extraction,
  title = {{Extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial potential of Kappa-Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with HasA-targeted molecular docking validation}},
  author = {Jerin James and Ameer Abbas Mohammed and Amar Yasser Jassim and Joseph S. Gboyo and Ashiya Naaz and Harish Chandra Joshi and Arun Karnwal and Nishesh Sharma},
  journal = {NPJ Science of Food},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1038/s41538-026-00964-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-026-00964-8},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial potential of Kappa-Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with HasA-targeted molecular docking validation
AU  - Jerin James
AU  - Ameer Abbas Mohammed
AU  - Amar Yasser Jassim
AU  - Joseph S. Gboyo
AU  - Ashiya Naaz
AU  - Harish Chandra Joshi
AU  - Arun Karnwal
AU  - Nishesh Sharma
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/10
JO  - NPJ Science of Food
DO  - 10.1038/s41538-026-00964-8
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-026-00964-8
AB  - Kappa-carrageenan is a hydrocolloid from red algae and has bioactive properties for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical uses. The present study comprises efficient extraction of κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with a yield of 52.3 ± 2.1% (dry weight) using a mild alkaline method (CA) with superior viscosity (0.285 ± 0.018 Pa·s) compared to commercial carrageenan (CC) (0.198 ± 0.012 Pa·s) with gel strength (85 ± 16.4 g/cm²). Sulfate analysis revealed lower content in the extracted sample (11.02 ± 0.90 mg/g, 3.0 wt% S) than the commercial carrageenan (14.87 ± 0.70 mg/g; 4.5 wt% S). Whereas higher total phenolic content (25.79 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g) was observed in the extracted carrageenan. Structural characterization confirmed slightly higher crystallite size in the extracted carrageenan (~57.3 nm), which improved molecular ordering. Morphological and particle size analyses showed larger but more uniform particles in CA (154.25 ± 26.6 μm) from SEM analysis, dynamic light scattering size (687.6 nm), and greater colloidal stability (−32.9 mV). Antibacterial evaluation demonstrated strain-specific bactericidal activity against S. marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus with protein leakage and SEM-based membrane damage. Molecular docking further revealed binding of κ-carrageenan to the HasA heme-binding protein (−6.9 kcal/mol), suggesting a putative secondary mechanism involving computationally predicted interference of bacterial iron acquisition, which needs experimental validation
SN  - 2396-8370
ER  -