Insights into cytotoxic, metastasis-related effects and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the n-hexane extract and two isolated triterpenoids from Gymnosporia chevalieri leaves
7 affiliations
- 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University 06 Ngo Quyen Hue City 49000 Vietnam
- 2School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- 4Center of Excellence in Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- 5Research Group in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- 6Faculty of Engineering and Food Technology, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University Hue City 49000 Vietnam
- 7Faculty of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University 34 Le Loi Hue City 49000 Vietnam
Abstract
In this study, we comprehensively investigated, for the first time, the cytotoxic, metastasis-related effects and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the n-hexane extract (GCL) and two isolated compounds, β-amyrenonol (GC3) and 3,4-seco-29-hydroxyfriedelan-3-oic acid (GC14), from the leaves of Gymnosporia chevalieri. Cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities were evaluated in A549 and H292 lung cancer cells by MTT assay, while antimigratory and anti-invasive activities were assessed by Transwell assay. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro using an enzyme-based assay. GC14 exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than GC3 against both cell lines. Moreover, GC14 reduced cell proliferation in H292 cells and markedly suppressed cell migration and invasion. GCL also demonstrated pronounced anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities. In addition, GC14 showed moderate inhibition of S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase, a screening surrogate. In silico studies suggested potential interactions of both compounds with tubulin, BCL-2, and α-glucosidase, with docking scores ranging from −7.5 to −9.0 kcal mol−1. The 100 ns MD simulations indicated that all six protein–ligand (GC3, GC14) complexes maintained overall structural stability. GC14 exhibited greater internal conformational flexibility than GC3 but remained within relatively narrow conformational ranges. MM/GBSA analysis revealed target-dependent relative energetic trends. Overall, these findings provide preliminary evidence of the biological activities of GCL, GC3, and GC14, warranting further investigation of their effects and, particularly for GC14, its selectivity toward cancer cells.
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BibTeX
@article{doan2026insights,
title = {{Insights into cytotoxic, metastasis-related effects and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the n-hexane extract and two isolated triterpenoids from Gymnosporia chevalieri leaves}},
author = {Nghia Ai Thi Doan and The-Huan Tran and Natsaranyatron Singharajkomron and Varisa Pongrakhananon and Chanon Loha and Krittapat Prachatimutte and Hien Minh Nguyen and Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang and Ty Viet Pham and Hoai Thi Nguyen and Linh Thuy Khanh Nguyen and Duc Viet Ho},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra07849d},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13720774},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Insights into cytotoxic, metastasis-related effects and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the n-hexane extract and two isolated triterpenoids from Gymnosporia chevalieri leaves
AU - Nghia Ai Thi Doan
AU - The-Huan Tran
AU - Natsaranyatron Singharajkomron
AU - Varisa Pongrakhananon
AU - Chanon Loha
AU - Krittapat Prachatimutte
AU - Hien Minh Nguyen
AU - Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang
AU - Ty Viet Pham
AU - Hoai Thi Nguyen
AU - Linh Thuy Khanh Nguyen
AU - Duc Viet Ho
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra07849d
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13720774
AB - In this study, we comprehensively investigated, for the first time, the cytotoxic, metastasis-related effects and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the n-hexane extract (GCL) and two isolated compounds, β-amyrenonol (GC3) and 3,4-seco-29-hydroxyfriedelan-3-oic acid (GC14), from the leaves of Gymnosporia chevalieri. Cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities were evaluated in A549 and H292 lung cancer cells by MTT assay, while antimigratory and anti-invasive activities were assessed by Transwell assay. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro using an enzyme-based assay. GC14 exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than GC3 against both cell lines. Moreover, GC14 reduced cell proliferation in H292 cells and markedly suppressed cell migration and invasion. GCL also demonstrated pronounced anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities. In addition, GC14 showed moderate inhibition of S. cerevisiae α-glucosidase, a screening surrogate. In silico studies suggested potential interactions of both compounds with tubulin, BCL-2, and α-glucosidase, with docking scores ranging from −7.5 to −9.0 kcal mol−1. The 100 ns MD simulations indicated that all six protein–ligand (GC3, GC14) complexes maintained overall structural stability. GC14 exhibited greater internal conformational flexibility than GC3 but remained within relatively narrow conformational ranges. MM/GBSA analysis revealed target-dependent relative energetic trends. Overall, these findings provide preliminary evidence of the biological activities of GCL, GC3, and GC14, warranting further investigation of their effects and, particularly for GC14, its selectivity toward cancer cells.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -