Advanced oxidation processes for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous media: evidence gaps, mechanistic insights and emerging directions
4 affiliations
- 1Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- 2Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, ESIQIE, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPALM, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- 3Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- 4Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos, Mexico.
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) remains a relevant aquatic contaminant because parent-compound disappearance does not imply mineralization, detoxification or treatment readiness. This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and closely related chemically coupled routes for aqueous 2,4-D treatment. Records from Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar within a documented 2020–2025 review window were screened using explicit eligibility criteria and assessed with an evidence-completeness rubric covering key reporting domains for cross-study comparison. The final corpus comprised 204 studies across photocatalytic/photo-assisted, electrochemical/electro-Fenton, Fenton-type, sulfate-radical, ozone-based, sonochemical, plasma-assisted and hybrid systems. Parent 2,4-D removal or analytical confirmation was reported in 202 studies, while carbon-based mineralization or organic-load evidence was reported in 116, transformation products in 95, residual toxicity in 27, real-water validation in 67 and reactor-scale or transferability information in 37. These patterns show stronger evidence for parent-compound disappearance than for treatment completeness, residual hazard and transferability. No AOP family was universally superior across removal, mineralization, toxicity reduction, matrix robustness, energy demand, durability and scale readiness. Future studies should standardize reporting of mineralization, transformation products, toxicity, energy boundaries, leaching, durability and reactor descriptors.
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BibTeX
@article{mendozacamarena2026advanced,
title = {{Advanced oxidation processes for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous media: evidence gaps, mechanistic insights and emerging directions}},
author = {Daniel H Mendoza-Camarena and Yair Cruz-Narváez and José Javier Castro-Arellano and David Correa-Coyac and Raúl Suárez-Parra and Isaías Hernández-Pérez},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1098/rsos.260598},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article/13/10/260598/483596/Advanced-oxidation-processes-for-2-4},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Advanced oxidation processes for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous media: evidence gaps, mechanistic insights and emerging directions
AU - Daniel H Mendoza-Camarena
AU - Yair Cruz-Narváez
AU - José Javier Castro-Arellano
AU - David Correa-Coyac
AU - Raúl Suárez-Parra
AU - Isaías Hernández-Pérez
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - Royal Society Open Science
DO - 10.1098/rsos.260598
UR - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article/13/10/260598/483596/Advanced-oxidation-processes-for-2-4
AB - The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) remains a relevant aquatic contaminant because parent-compound disappearance does not imply mineralization, detoxification or treatment readiness. This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and closely related chemically coupled routes for aqueous 2,4-D treatment. Records from Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar within a documented 2020–2025 review window were screened using explicit eligibility criteria and assessed with an evidence-completeness rubric covering key reporting domains for cross-study comparison. The final corpus comprised 204 studies across photocatalytic/photo-assisted, electrochemical/electro-Fenton, Fenton-type, sulfate-radical, ozone-based, sonochemical, plasma-assisted and hybrid systems. Parent 2,4-D removal or analytical confirmation was reported in 202 studies, while carbon-based mineralization or organic-load evidence was reported in 116, transformation products in 95, residual toxicity in 27, real-water validation in 67 and reactor-scale or transferability information in 37. These patterns show stronger evidence for parent-compound disappearance than for treatment completeness, residual hazard and transferability. No AOP family was universally superior across removal, mineralization, toxicity reduction, matrix robustness, energy demand, durability and scale readiness. Future studies should standardize reporting of mineralization, transformation products, toxicity, energy boundaries, leaching, durability and reactor descriptors.
SN - 2054-5703
ER -