Millimeter-Wave Gaussian-to-Flat-Top Beam Shaping Using a Single-Curvature Lens: A Novel Approach
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method for converting the divergent Gaussian intensity distribution of a millimeter-wave source into a uniform (flat-top) distribution using a single curved surface. The proposed method combines the surface profile of a collimator with that of a beam shaper. To validate the method, the profile of a single-sided (plano-convex) lens is derived and placed 52 mm in front of a conical horn antenna operating at 100 GHz. The lens transforms the Gaussian radiation of the horn, with an incident beam radius of 11.9 mm, into a uniform beam with a radius of 400 mm at a distance of 3 m. The lens surface profile is optimized using a full-wave-simulation-based procedure, and the resulting output beam is compared with that of a previously designed double-sided (concave-convex) lens. Simulation results show that, within the desired field of view, the optimized single-sided lens produces a flat-top intensity distribution with satisfactory ripple and roll-off. Finally, the sensitivity of the optimized lens to frequency variation is investigated. The proposed lens is suitable for generating uniform illumination in active stand-off millimeter-wave imaging systems.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{imanbeygi2026millimeterwave,
title = {{Millimeter-Wave Gaussian-to-Flat-Top Beam Shaping Using a Single-Curvature Lens: A Novel Approach}},
author = {Ehsan Imanbeygi and Mohammad Hossein Koohi Ghamsari and Mehdi Ahmadi-Boroujeni},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.06053},
eprint = {2611.06053},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06053},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Millimeter-Wave Gaussian-to-Flat-Top Beam Shaping Using a Single-Curvature Lens: A Novel Approach
AU - Ehsan Imanbeygi
AU - Mohammad Hossein Koohi Ghamsari
AU - Mehdi Ahmadi-Boroujeni
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.06053
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06053
AB - This paper presents a novel method for converting the divergent Gaussian intensity distribution of a millimeter-wave source into a uniform (flat-top) distribution using a single curved surface. The proposed method combines the surface profile of a collimator with that of a beam shaper. To validate the method, the profile of a single-sided (plano-convex) lens is derived and placed 52 mm in front of a conical horn antenna operating at 100 GHz. The lens transforms the Gaussian radiation of the horn, with an incident beam radius of 11.9 mm, into a uniform beam with a radius of 400 mm at a distance of 3 m. The lens surface profile is optimized using a full-wave-simulation-based procedure, and the resulting output beam is compared with that of a previously designed double-sided (concave-convex) lens. Simulation results show that, within the desired field of view, the optimized single-sided lens produces a flat-top intensity distribution with satisfactory ripple and roll-off. Finally, the sensitivity of the optimized lens to frequency variation is investigated. The proposed lens is suitable for generating uniform illumination in active stand-off millimeter-wave imaging systems.
ER -