EA-Derived Carbon Dot Fluorescence Sensor Array for Simultaneous Discrimination and Quantification of Amlodipine, Losartan, Atorvastatin, and Clopidogrel
- 1Louisiana State University, 5313 Oakbrook Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
- 2Islamic Azad University
Abstract
A three-channel fluorescence sensor array based on Echium amoenum-derived carbon dots (EA-CDs) was developed for the simultaneous discrimination and quantitative determination of amlodipine (AML), losartan (LOS), atorvastatin (ATO), and clopidogrel (CLO). The EA-CDs were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and exhibited nanoscale dimensions, excitation-dependent photoluminescence, abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing surface functional groups, and a fluorescence quantum yield of 41.55%. To generate differential sensing responses, Mg 2+ and Al 3+ were introduced as auxiliary metal ions, forming three sensing channels consisting of EA-CDs (S1), EA-CDs–Mg 2+ (S2), and EA-CDs–Al 3+ (S3). The four target drugs produced distinct fluorescence fingerprints that enabled effective discrimination using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Optimization studies identified pH 7, 250 μM Mg 2+ , and 750 μM Al 3+ as the most suitable sensing conditions, and clear discrimination was maintained over drug concentrations of 2–50 μg/mL. The sensor array also exhibited good selectivity toward the target drugs in the presence of common interfering species. Quantitative analysis provided drug-dependent calibration responses with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.912 to 0.97. Recovery values ranged from 97.60% to 104.67%, with relative standard deviations of 0.45–3.20%, demonstrating acceptable accuracy and precision. These results indicate that the proposed EA-CD/Mg 2+ /Al 3+ fluorescence sensor array provides a simple and effective platform for multicomponent discrimination and quantitative analysis of antihypertensive and cardiovascular drugs.
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BibTeX
@misc{hassani2026eaderived,
title = {{EA-Derived Carbon Dot Fluorescence Sensor Array for Simultaneous Discrimination and Quantification of Amlodipine, Losartan, Atorvastatin, and Clopidogrel}},
author = {Zahra Hassani and Maryam Mohammadi},
howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1},
url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - EA-Derived Carbon Dot Fluorescence Sensor Array for Simultaneous Discrimination and Quantification of Amlodipine, Losartan, Atorvastatin, and Clopidogrel
AU - Zahra Hassani
AU - Maryam Mohammadi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/14
PB - ChemRxiv
DO - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1
UR - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1
AB - A three-channel fluorescence sensor array based on Echium amoenum-derived carbon dots (EA-CDs) was developed for the simultaneous discrimination and quantitative determination of amlodipine (AML), losartan (LOS), atorvastatin (ATO), and clopidogrel (CLO). The EA-CDs were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and exhibited nanoscale dimensions, excitation-dependent photoluminescence, abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing surface functional groups, and a fluorescence quantum yield of 41.55%. To generate differential sensing responses, Mg 2+ and Al 3+ were introduced as auxiliary metal ions, forming three sensing channels consisting of EA-CDs (S1), EA-CDs–Mg 2+ (S2), and EA-CDs–Al 3+ (S3). The four target drugs produced distinct fluorescence fingerprints that enabled effective discrimination using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Optimization studies identified pH 7, 250 μM Mg 2+ , and 750 μM Al 3+ as the most suitable sensing conditions, and clear discrimination was maintained over drug concentrations of 2–50 μg/mL. The sensor array also exhibited good selectivity toward the target drugs in the presence of common interfering species. Quantitative analysis provided drug-dependent calibration responses with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.912 to 0.97. Recovery values ranged from 97.60% to 104.67%, with relative standard deviations of 0.45–3.20%, demonstrating acceptable accuracy and precision. These results indicate that the proposed EA-CD/Mg 2+ /Al 3+ fluorescence sensor array provides a simple and effective platform for multicomponent discrimination and quantitative analysis of antihypertensive and cardiovascular drugs.
ER -