Magnetically retrievable natural deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid for green microextraction of gemfibrozil from human plasma
- 1Department of Chemistry
- 2Corresponding author.
Abstract
Efficient sample preparation of pharmaceuticals from complex biological matrices requires extraction strategies that combine effective analyte isolation with minimal solvent consumption and simple phase separation. In this study, a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based ferrofluid was developed as a magnetically retrievable extraction phase for ferrofluid-based liquid-phase microextraction (FF-LPME) of gemfibrozil (GEM) from human plasma. The ferrofluid was prepared by dispersing oleic acid-modified cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe 2 O 4 @OA) in a hydrophobic NADES composed of menthol and decanoic acid at a molar ratio of 2:1, combining the extraction capability of the hydrophobic NADES with the magnetic manipulability of the nanoparticles. Only 30 µL of the ferrofluid was required for extraction, while magnetic retrieval enabled rapid and straightforward separation of the extraction phase from the aqueous sample. The developed sample preparation strategy was compatible with both direct spectrofluorometry (FL) determination and separation-based high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis, demonstrating its versatility across analytical workflows with and without chromatographic separation. Under optimized conditions, linear ranges of 0.1–15 µg/mL and 0.05–1.5 µg/mL were obtained for FL and HPLC-FLD, respectively. The proposed sample preparation strategy provided satisfactory precision, extraction recovery, and selectivity. Its applicability to human plasma was demonstrated by satisfactory relative recoveries with low relative standard deviation (RSD) values. Moreover, comparison with previously reported extraction methods demonstrated comparable analytical performance while using a small volume of extraction phase. The environmental performance of the analytical workflows was assessed using ComplexMoGAPI, yielding scores of 83 and 80 for the FL and HPLC-FLD procedures, respectively. Overall, the developed hydrophobic NADES-based ferrofluid combines a low-volume extraction phase with magnetic phase retrieval and green sample preparation principles, providing an efficient and simplified microextraction strategy for the analysis of GEM in complex biological matrices.
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BibTeX
@article{majd2026magnetically,
title = {{Magnetically retrievable natural deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid for green microextraction of gemfibrozil from human plasma}},
author = {Sima Fathi Majd and Hassan Heidari},
journal = {Advances in Sample Preparation},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1016/j.sampre.2026.100254},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2026.100254},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Magnetically retrievable natural deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid for green microextraction of gemfibrozil from human plasma
AU - Sima Fathi Majd
AU - Hassan Heidari
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/24
JO - Advances in Sample Preparation
DO - 10.1016/j.sampre.2026.100254
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2026.100254
AB - Efficient sample preparation of pharmaceuticals from complex biological matrices requires extraction strategies that combine effective analyte isolation with minimal solvent consumption and simple phase separation. In this study, a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based ferrofluid was developed as a magnetically retrievable extraction phase for ferrofluid-based liquid-phase microextraction (FF-LPME) of gemfibrozil (GEM) from human plasma. The ferrofluid was prepared by dispersing oleic acid-modified cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe 2 O 4 @OA) in a hydrophobic NADES composed of menthol and decanoic acid at a molar ratio of 2:1, combining the extraction capability of the hydrophobic NADES with the magnetic manipulability of the nanoparticles. Only 30 µL of the ferrofluid was required for extraction, while magnetic retrieval enabled rapid and straightforward separation of the extraction phase from the aqueous sample. The developed sample preparation strategy was compatible with both direct spectrofluorometry (FL) determination and separation-based high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis, demonstrating its versatility across analytical workflows with and without chromatographic separation. Under optimized conditions, linear ranges of 0.1–15 µg/mL and 0.05–1.5 µg/mL were obtained for FL and HPLC-FLD, respectively. The proposed sample preparation strategy provided satisfactory precision, extraction recovery, and selectivity. Its applicability to human plasma was demonstrated by satisfactory relative recoveries with low relative standard deviation (RSD) values. Moreover, comparison with previously reported extraction methods demonstrated comparable analytical performance while using a small volume of extraction phase. The environmental performance of the analytical workflows was assessed using ComplexMoGAPI, yielding scores of 83 and 80 for the FL and HPLC-FLD procedures, respectively. Overall, the developed hydrophobic NADES-based ferrofluid combines a low-volume extraction phase with magnetic phase retrieval and green sample preparation principles, providing an efficient and simplified microextraction strategy for the analysis of GEM in complex biological matrices.
SN - 2772-5820
ER -