Nondestructive 3D Quantification of the Magnitude and Extent of Indentation-Induced Densification in Glass
Abstract
Vickers hardness characterizes resistance to indentation but does not distinguish the magnitude of local densification from the volume of glass affected. Here, low-coherence holotomography reconstructs three-dimensional refractive-index (RI) images of Vickers-indented fused silica, borosilicate, and soda-lime glass across applied loads and nominal dwell times. Analysis of RI changes using the Lorentz-Lorenz relation quantifies densification, while segmentation measures the spatial extent of the densified region. Cracks are observed within the same reconstructed RI images. Densified volume increased with load even when peak densification plateaued, and glasses with similar hardness showed different densification responses. Longer nominal dwell times were associated with larger volumes above fixed RI thresholds and comparatively small changes in peak densification. Joint analysis of densification and crack morphology thus characterizes subsurface indentation damage beyond hardness alone. Densification is quantified as an optical estimate under the Lorentz-Lorenz assumptions; residual stress, polarizability, and reconstruction can also affect RI.
Related
- Variations in the Contribution of Fluid Pressurization to Compressive Muscle Stiffness from Local to Global Indentation
- An ultrasound-assisted indentation method to characterize the leg-orthosis interface
- Nondestructive 3D Metrology of Through-Glass Via Geometry and Internal Wall Texture Using Holotomography
- Terahertz nondestructive evaluation of heterogeneous packaging stackup: Multi-layer interposer
- Compact nondestructive generator for microsecond-class ultrafast pulsed magnetic fields
BibTeX
@misc{lee2026nondestructive,
title = {{Nondestructive 3D Quantification of the Magnitude and Extent of Indentation-Induced Densification in Glass}},
author = {Sang-min Lee and Dohyeon Lee and Juheon Lee and Herve Hugonnet and YongKeun Park},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.04464},
eprint = {2610.04464},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04464},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Nondestructive 3D Quantification of the Magnitude and Extent of Indentation-Induced Densification in Glass
AU - Sang-min Lee
AU - Dohyeon Lee
AU - Juheon Lee
AU - Herve Hugonnet
AU - YongKeun Park
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/03
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.04464
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04464
AB - Vickers hardness characterizes resistance to indentation but does not distinguish the magnitude of local densification from the volume of glass affected. Here, low-coherence holotomography reconstructs three-dimensional refractive-index (RI) images of Vickers-indented fused silica, borosilicate, and soda-lime glass across applied loads and nominal dwell times. Analysis of RI changes using the Lorentz-Lorenz relation quantifies densification, while segmentation measures the spatial extent of the densified region. Cracks are observed within the same reconstructed RI images. Densified volume increased with load even when peak densification plateaued, and glasses with similar hardness showed different densification responses. Longer nominal dwell times were associated with larger volumes above fixed RI thresholds and comparatively small changes in peak densification. Joint analysis of densification and crack morphology thus characterizes subsurface indentation damage beyond hardness alone. Densification is quantified as an optical estimate under the Lorentz-Lorenz assumptions; residual stress, polarizability, and reconstruction can also affect RI.
ER -