Perspective on Magnetic Nanoparticle Modeling: Interactions, Timescales and Regimes

Abstract

The response of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to applied magnetic fields underpins a broad range of biomedical and technological applications. In this Perspective, we review the principal modeling approaches for describing MNP dynamics across different physical regimes, ranging from coarse-grained macrospin descriptions to spatially resolved micromagnetic simulations. Selecting an appropriate model depends on the relevant energy scales and timescales, including those associated with magnetic anisotropy. We compare the assumptions, computational requirements, and regimes of applicability of the fixed-point-dipole, effective-field, thermal Stoner-Wohlfarth, diffusion-jump, coupled Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert, egg, and micromagnetic models. Particular attention is given to coupling magnetization dynamics with translational and rotational particle motion, hydrodynamic interactions, and long-range dipolar interactions. By relating the relevant physical regimes to the resolution and computational cost of each approach, we provide practical guidance for model selection and outline challenges for predictive multiscale simulations of interacting MNP systems.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{mostarac2026perspective,
  title = {{Perspective on Magnetic Nanoparticle Modeling: Interactions, Timescales and Regimes}},
  author = {Deniz Mostarac and Andrey A. Kuznetsov and Manuel Wolfschwenger and Santiago Helbig and Claas Abert and Rudolf Weeber and Daniel Baumgarten and Patrick Ilg and Dieter Suess and Sofia Kantorovich},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.21671},
  eprint = {2609.21671},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21671},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Perspective on Magnetic Nanoparticle Modeling: Interactions, Timescales and Regimes
AU  - Deniz Mostarac
AU  - Andrey A. Kuznetsov
AU  - Manuel Wolfschwenger
AU  - Santiago Helbig
AU  - Claas Abert
AU  - Rudolf Weeber
AU  - Daniel Baumgarten
AU  - Patrick Ilg
AU  - Dieter Suess
AU  - Sofia Kantorovich
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/18
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.21671
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21671
AB  - The response of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to applied magnetic fields underpins a broad range of biomedical and technological applications. In this Perspective, we review the principal modeling approaches for describing MNP dynamics across different physical regimes, ranging from coarse-grained macrospin descriptions to spatially resolved micromagnetic simulations. Selecting an appropriate model depends on the relevant energy scales and timescales, including those associated with magnetic anisotropy. We compare the assumptions, computational requirements, and regimes of applicability of the fixed-point-dipole, effective-field, thermal Stoner-Wohlfarth, diffusion-jump, coupled Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert, egg, and micromagnetic models. Particular attention is given to coupling magnetization dynamics with translational and rotational particle motion, hydrodynamic interactions, and long-range dipolar interactions. By relating the relevant physical regimes to the resolution and computational cost of each approach, we provide practical guidance for model selection and outline challenges for predictive multiscale simulations of interacting MNP systems.
ER  -

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